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¿µ¹® osmotic fragility ÇÑ±Û »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à¼º
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¿µ¹® ESR(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) ÇÑ±Û ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­¼Óµµ, Ç÷ħ
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¿µ¹® test ÇÑ±Û °Ë»ç
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¿µ¹® scratch test ÇÑ±Û ³­Àý¹ý
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  ÇǺθ¦ ³¯Ä«·Î¿î ¹Ù´Ã·Î ±Ü¾î ÇǺÎÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» º¸´Â °Ë»ç·Î ÇǺΠ°ú¹Î¹ÝÀÀÀ̳ª ¾Ë·¹¸£±â¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æº¸±â À§ÇÑ °Ë»çÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù´Ã³¡¿¡ Ç׿øÀ» ¹¯Èù µÚ, ÇǺιØÀ» ±Ü¾î ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº»´Ù. À̶§ Ç׿øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´ëÁ¶¹°Áú(¿¹¸¦ µé¾î º¸ÅëÀÇ ¹°)À» ¹¯Èù ¹Ù´ÃÀ» °°ÀÌ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ÇǺ馱âÁõ(dermographism) ´ÜÁö ¹Ù´ÃÀÇ ±ÜÈû¸¸À¸·Î ¾Ë·¹¸£±â °°Àº ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â Çö»ó°ú °¨º°ÇؾߠÇÑ´Ù.
  
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¿µ¹® stool guaiac test ÇÑ±Û ´ëº¯ ±¸¾ÆÀÌ¾Ç °Ë»ç
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´ëÇÑÀÇÇù ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • fragility test
    Ãë¾à¼º°Ë»ç
  • osmotic fragility test
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à¼º°Ë»ç
  • fragility
    Ãë¾à¼º, ¿©¸²
  • osmotic fragility
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à¼º
  • osmotic fragility curve
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à¼º°î¼±
  • vascular fragility
    Ç÷°üÃë¾à¼º
  • basophilic erythrocyte
    È£¿°±âÀûÇ÷±¸
  • dimorphic erythrocyte
    µÎÇüÅÂÀûÇ÷±¸, ÀÌ»ó¼ºÀûÇ÷±¸
  • erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • erythrocyte ghost
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Çã±úºñ
  • erythrocyte indices
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Áö¼ö
  • erythrocyte sedimentation
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­
  • erythrocyte sedimentation rate
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­¼Óµµ, Ç÷ħ¼Óµµ
  • erythrocyte sedimentation reaction
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­¹ÝÀÀ
  • fragmented erythrocyte
    Á¶°¢ÀûÇ÷±¸, ºÐ¿­ÀûÇ÷±¸
´ëÇÑÀÇÇù Çʼö ÀÇÇпë¾îÁý »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • osmotic fragility test
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à¼º°Ë»ç, »ïÅõ¾Ð¿©¸²¼º°Ë»ç
  • erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • nucleated erythrocyte
    À¯ÇÙÀûÇ÷±¸
  • fragility
    ¿©¸²
  • osmotic fragility
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à¼º
  • erythrocyte sedimentation rate
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­¼Óµµ, Ç÷ħ¼Óµµ
  • nitroblue tetrazolium test
    ´ÏÆ®·Îºí·çÅׯ®¶óÁ¹·ý°Ë»ç
  • test strip
    °Ë»ç¶ì
  • test
    °Ë»ç, ½ÃÇè
  • absorption test
    Èí¼ö½ÃÇè, Èí¼ö°Ë»ç
  • agglutination test
    ÀÀÁý°Ë»ç
  • antibody screening test
    Ç×ü¼±º°°Ë»ç
  • anticholinesterase test
    Ç×Äݸ°¿¡½ºÅ×¶óÁ¦°Ë»ç
  • antiglobulin test
    Çױ۷κҸ°°Ë»ç
  • antimicrobial susceptibility test
    Ç×±ÕÁ¦°¨¼ö¼º°Ë»ç
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • osmotic fragility test
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à¼º°Ë»ç, »ïÅõ¾Ð¿©¸²¼º°Ë»ç
  • osmotic fragility curve
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à°î¼±, »ïÅõ¾ÐÀúÇ×°î¼±
  • fragility
    ¿©¸²
  • osmotic fragility
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à¼º
  • vascular fragility
    Ç÷°ü¿©¸²
  • erythrocyte sedimentation test
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­°Ë»ç
  • granulocyte-erythrocyte antigen
    °ú¸³±¸ÀûÇ÷±¸Ç׿ø
  • basophilic erythrocyte
    È£¿°±âÀûÇ÷±¸
  • coated erythrocyte
    ÇǸ·ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • crenated erythrocyte
    Å鳯ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • dimorphic erythrocyte
    µÎ¸ð¾çÀûÇ÷±¸, ÀÌ»ó¼ºÀûÇ÷±¸
  • median erythrocyte diameter
    Á¤ÁßÀûÇ÷±¸Áö¸§
  • erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • erythrocyte ghost
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Çã±úºñ
  • erythrocyte sedimentation
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§Àü
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù 2 ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • fragility test
    Ãë¾à½ÃÇè ÀûÇ÷±¸ ÆÄ±«½ÃÇè .
  • fragility of blood
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ÆÄ±«¼º.
  • hemorrhagic diathesis,vascular fragility
    Ç÷°üÃë¾à¼º
  • hereditary fragility of bone
    À¯Àü¼º °ñ Ãë¾àÁõ (¡­Íéöªå°ñø).
  • hereditary fragility of bone
    À¯Àü¼º °ñÃë¾àÁõ (¡­Íéöªå°ñø).
  • agglutination of erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ÀÀÁý
  • anisocytic erythrocyte
    ºÎµ¿¼¼Æ÷¼º ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • fragmented erythrocyte
    ºÐ¿­ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • free erythrocyte porphyrin
    À¯¸®ÀûÇ÷±¸Æ÷¸£ÇǸ°
  • globulin-coated erythrocyte
    ±Û·ÎºÒ¸°ÇǸ·<--¿Ü¸·>ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • granulocyte-erythrocyte antigens
    °ú¸³±¸ÀûÇ÷±¸Ç׿ø
  • hyperchromic erythrocyte
    °í»ö¼Ò¼º ÀûÇ÷±¸(¡­îåúìϹ).
  • hypochromic erythrocyte
    Àú»ö¼Ò¼º ÀûÇ÷±¸(¡­îåúìϹ).
  • hypochromic erythrocyte
    Àú»ö¼Ò¼º ÀûÇ÷±¸(?ËøÌ´Ë´).
  • immature erythrocyte
    ¹Ì¼÷ÀûÇ÷±¸.
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù 3 ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • capillary fragility test
    ¸ð¼¼(Ç÷)°üÃë¾à¼º ½ÃÇè.
  • fragility test
    Ãë¾à½ÃÇè ÀûÇ÷±¸ ÆÄ±«½ÃÇè .
  • osmotic fragility test
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÃë¾à¼º °Ë»ç (¡­öªå°àõËþÞÛ).
  • fragility of blood
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ÆÄ±«¼º.
  • hemorrhagic diathesis,vascular fragility
    Ç÷°üÃë¾à¼º
  • hereditary fragility of bone
    À¯Àü¼º °ñÃë¾àÁõ (¡­Íéöªå°ñø).
  • hereditary fragility of bone
    À¯Àü¼º °ñ Ãë¾àÁõ (¡­Íéöªå°ñø).
  • osmotic fragility
    »ïÅõÃë(¾à)¼º(Ë×̬?ËâËÛ) ÀûÇ÷±¸ÀÇ .
  • osmotic fragility
    »ïÅõÃë(¾à)¼º(ß¶÷âöªå°àõ) ÀûÇ÷±¸ÀÇ .
  • osmotic fragility
    »ïÅõÃë¾à¼º(ß¶÷âöªå°àõ)
  • osmotic fragility curve
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÀúÇ×°î¼±(?ËøÌ°Ë­ËÛ) ÀûÇ÷±¸ÀÇ .
  • osmotic fragility curve
    »ïÅõ¾ÐÀúÇ×°î¼±(¡­î½ù÷ÍØàÊ) ÀûÇ÷±¸ÀÇ .
  • erythrocyte antibody test
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Ç×ü½ÃÇè
  • erythrocyte antigen test
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Ç׿ø½ÃÇè
  • erythrocyte rosetting test
    ÀûÇ÷±¸·ÎÁ¬Çü¼º½ÃÇè
´ëÇÑÇØºÎÇÐȸ ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 5 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • Polychromatophilic erythrocyte
    ¹µ»öµëÀûÇ÷±¸
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ´Ù¿°¼ºÀûÇ÷±¸
  • Stroma of erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸¹öÆÀÁú
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ÀûÇ÷±¸ÁöÁú
  • Plasma membrane of erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ÇüÁú¸·
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ÀûÇ÷±¸ÇüÁú¸·
  • Erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • Erythrocyte ghost
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Çã±úºñ
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] Ç÷¿µ
´ëÇѱâ»ýÃæÇÐȸ ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 9 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • Bachman intradermal test
    ¼±¸ðÃæÇdz»¹ÝÀÀ°Ë»ç
  • bentonite flocculation test
    º¥Å䳪ÀÌÆ®ÀÀÁý°Ë»ç
  • Casoni test
    Æ÷ÃæÇdz»¹ÝÀÀ°Ë»ç
  • circumoval precipitin test (COPT)
    Ãæ¶õÁÖÀ§Ä§°­°Ë»ç
  • intradermal test
    Çdz»¹ÝÀÀ°Ë»ç
  • Mazzotti test
    ¸¶Á¶Æ¼°Ë»ç
  • Montenegro test
    ¸óÅ״ϱ׷ΰ˻ç
  • Sabin-Feldman dye test
    (Åå¼ÒÆ÷ÀÚÃæ) »ö¼Ò¸é¿ª°Ë»ç
  • screening test
    ¼±º°°Ë»ç
´ëÇÑ»ýÈ­ÇкÐÀÚ»ý¹°ÇÐȸ ¿ë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • erythrocyte ghost
    ÀûÇ÷±¸(îåúìϹ) ºó²®Áú
  • erythrocyte maturation factor
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ ¼º¼÷ ÀÎÀÚ (îåúìϹà÷âÙì×í­)
  • acrolein test
    ¾ÆÅ©·Ñ·¹ÀνÃÇè (ãËúÐ)
  • acute test
    ´Ü·® µ¶¼º½ÃÇè (Ó¤ÕáÔ¸àõãËúÐ)
  • adrenaline tolerance test
    ¾Æµå·¹³¯¸° ºÎÇϽÃÇè(ݶùÃãËúÐ)
  • albustix test
    ¾ËºÎ½ºÆ½½º½ÃÇè(ãËúÐ)
  • Ames test
    ¿¡ÀÓÁî °Ë»ç¹ý
  • antiglobulin consumption test
    Ç×(ù÷)±Û·ÎºÒ¸° ¼Ò¸ð½ÃÇè(á¼ÙÄãËúÐ)
  • antiglobulin test
    Ç×(ù÷)±Û·ÎºÒ¸° ½ÃÇè(ù÷ô÷ãËúÐ)
  • Aschheim-Zondek test
    ¾Æ»þÀÓ-Á¸µ¦ ½ÃÇè(ãËúÐ)
  • Ascoli test
    ¾Æ½ºÄݸ® ½ÃÇè(ãËúÐ)
  • Barfoed's test
    ¹Ù¸£ÆÐµå ½ÃÇè(ãËúÐ)
  • benzidine test
    º¥Áöµò½ÃÇè(ãËúÐ)
  • blind test
    ¸Í°Ë(ØîËþ)
  • Bradshaw test
    ºê·¡µå¼î¿ì ½ÃÇè(ãËúÐ)
KI ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • fragility
    Ãë¾à¼º, ºÎ¼­Áö±â ½¬¿ò
  • erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • erythrocyte sedimentation rate
    ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­¼Óµµ, Ç÷ħ¼Óµµ
  • pelvis perfusion test(Whitaker test)
    ½Å¿ì°ü·ù°Ë»ç
  • arm to lung time test
    ÆÈÆó¼øÈ¯½Ã°£½ÃÇè
  • chi-square test
    Ä«ÀÌÁ¦°ö°ËÁ¤
  • complement fixation test
    º¸Ã¼°áÇÕ½ÃÇè
  • contraction test
    ¼öÃà°Ë»ç
  • double blind test
    ÀÌÁ߸Ͱ˹ý
  • dye dilution test
    »ö¼ÒÈñ¼®½ÃÇè
  • guaiac test
    °úÀ̾׽ÃÇè
  • hemagglutination inhibition test
    Ç÷±¸ÀÀÁý¾ïÁ¦½ÃÇè
  • laboratory test
    °Ë»ç
  • pivot shift test
    ÃßÃà º¯À§½ÃÇè
  • provocation test
    À¯¹ß½ÃÇè
KMLE ÀÇÇоà¾î »çÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 5 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
OF occipitofrontal; open field [test]; optical fundus; orbitofrontal; osmotic fragility; osteitis fibro...
PAT Pain Apperception Test; paroxysmal atrial tachycardia; patient; phenylaminotetrazole; physical abili...
EA early antigen; educational age; egg albumin; electric affinity; electrical activity; electroacupunct...
FE fatty ester; fecal emesis; fetal erythroblastosis; fetal erythrocyte; fluid extract; fluorescent ery...
HCF [fetal] head-to-cervix force; heparin cofactor; hereditary capillary fragility; highest common facto...
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BFU-E Burst Forming Unit Erythrocyte
E Erythrocyte
EP Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin
EAP Erythrocyte acid phosphatase
EA Erythrocyte antibody
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  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
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  • capillary fragility test
    ¸ð¼¼°ü Ãë¾à¼º ½ÃÇè, ¸ð¼¼Ç÷°ü Ãë¾à¼º ½ÃÇè
    Á¤¸Æ Ç÷·ù¸¸À» ÃæºÐÈ÷ Â÷´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Ç÷¾Ð´ë¸¦ 5ºÐ°£ °­ÇÏ°Ô Á¹¶ó¸Ç ÈÄ¿¡ ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© »ý±ä ÇǺÎÀÇ Á¡ÃâÇ÷ÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ ¼¼¾î ¸ð¼¼°üÀÇ Ãë¾à¼ºÀ» °Ë»çÇÏ´Â °Í.
  • fragility test
    Ãë¾à ½ÃÇè
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ ÆÄ±« ½ÃÇè.
  • osmotic fragility test
    »ïÅõ¾Ð Ãë¾à¼º °Ë»ç
  • erythrocyte protoporphyrin test
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÆ÷¸£ÇǸ° ½ÃÇè
  • erythrocyte sedimentation test
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ ħ°­ ½ÃÇè
  • fragility
    Ãë¾à¼º, ºÎ¼­Áö±â ½¬¿ò
    ¿¬¼ÓÀ̳ª ÅëÇÕÀ» ºÐ¿­½ÃŰ´Â ¿øÀο¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °¨¼ö¼ºÀÌ Àְųª ÀúÇ×¼ºÀÌ °á¿©µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Í.
  • agglutination of erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ ÀÀÁý
  • dysmorphic erythrocyte
    ÀÌÇü ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
    Áõ°¡µÈ ÀûÇ÷±¸ ħ°­ ¼Óµµ
  • erythrocyte
    ÀûÇ÷±¸
    Ç÷±¸ÀÇ ÇÑ °¡Áö. °ñ¼ö¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÇ¸ç »ê¼Ò¸¦ ¿î¹ÝÇÏ´Â Çì¸ð±Û·ÎºóÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Ç÷»ö¼ÒÀÎ Çì¸ð±Û·Îºó ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÓ°Ô º¸ÀδÙ.
  • erythrocyte index
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ Áö¼ö
  • erythrocyte sedimentation rate
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ ħ°­ ¼Óµµ
    ÀÀ°íµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Ç÷¾×À» ´ãÀº °ü¿¡¼­ ÀûÇ÷±¸°¡ °¡¶ó¾É´Â À²·Î¼­ ½Ã°£´ç mm·Î Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀûÇ÷±¸ ħ°­ ¼ÓµµÀÇ Áõ°¡´Â ¿°ÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇϳª Ưº°ÇÑ Àå¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ °íÀ¯ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù.
  • polychromatic erythrocyte
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  • abrasion test
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    ¸¶¸ð¿¡ °ßµð´Â Á¤µµ¸¦ ½ÃÇèÇÏ´Â °Ë»ç.
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capillary fragility test A tourniquet test used to determine presence of vitamin C deficiency or thrombocytopenia; a circle 2.5 cm in diameter, the upper edge of which is 4 cm below the crease of the elbow, is drawn on the inner aspect of the forearm, pressure midway between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure is applied above the elbow for 15 minutes, and a count of petechiae within the circle is made: 10, normal; 10 to 20, marginal zone; over 20, abnormal.
See: Rumpel-Leede test.
Synonym: capillary resistance test, vitamin C test.
(05 Mar 2000)
fragility test A test that measures the resistance of erythrocytes to haemolysis in hypotonic saline solutions; erythrocytes to be tested are added to varying concentrations of saline (usually ranging from 0.85 to 0.10% sodium chloride with 0.05% increments), and beginning and complete haemolysis are measured; normal erythrocytes show initial haemolysis at concentrations of 0.45 to 0.39% and complete haemolysis at 0.33 to 0.30%; in hereditary spherocytosis the fragility of the erythrocytes is markedly increased, whereas in thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia, and obstructive jaundice the fragility of the erythrocytes is usually reduced.
Synonym: erythrocyte fragility test.
(05 Mar 2000)
capillary fragility The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress.
(12 Dec 1998)
osmotic fragility The susceptibility, or lack of resistance, of erythrocytes to haemolysis when exposed to increasingly hypotonic saline solutions.
(12 Dec 1998)
fragility Brittleness; liability to break, burst, or disintegrate.
Synonym: fragilitas.
Origin: L. Fragilitas
(05 Mar 2000)
fragility of the blood The susceptibility, or lack of resistance, of erythrocytes to haemolysis when exposed to increasingly hypotonic saline solutions.
(12 Dec 1998)
rate, erythrocyte sedimentation A sedimentation rate, or sed rate , is a blood test that detects and is used to monitor inflammation activity. It is measured by recording the rate at which red blood cells (rbcs) sediment in a tube over time. It increases (the rbcs sediment faster) with more inflammation.
(12 Dec 1998)
erythrocyte A red blood cell.
(18 Nov 1997)
erythrocyte adherence phenomenon A phenomenon manifested by the adherence of antigen-antibody-complement complex to "indicator cells" (microorganisms, platelets, leukocytes, or erythrocytes), the reaction being sensitive and specific for the antigen and antibody in the complex.
Synonym: erythrocyte adherence phenomenon, immune adherence phenomenon, red cell adherence phenomenon.
(05 Mar 2000)
erythrocyte aggregation Aggregation of erythrocytes probably resulting from changes in the negative surface charge (zeta potential) of the cells caused by the dielectric effect of proteins in the surrounding plasma, especially asymmetric macromolecules like fibrinogen and gamma-globulin.
(12 Dec 1998)
erythrocyte aggregation, intravascular The massing or clumping of erythrocytes in intact blood vessels in response to injury or in certain diseases, interfering with adequate blood flow. It is also called sludging of blood and intravascular agglutination.
(12 Dec 1998)
erythrocyte aging Senescence of the red blood cell. Lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, reproduction, and carrying out certain functions performed by other cells. This limits the average life span of an erythrocyte to 120 days.
(12 Dec 1998)
erythrocyte count A count of the number of red blood cells per unit volume in a sample of venous blood.
(12 Dec 1998)
erythrocyte deformability Ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.
(12 Dec 1998)
erythrocyte ghost <cell biology> The membrane and cytoskeletal elements of the erythrocyte devoid of cytoplasmic contents, but preserving the original morphology.
(18 Nov 1997)
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