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¿µ¹® male reproductive system ÇÑ±Û ³²¼º»ý½Ä±â°è
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  ³²¼ºÀÇ »ý½Ä±â´Â ¿©·¯ ±â°üÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. °íȯ, ºÎ°íȯ, Á¤°ü, Á¤³¶, Àü¸³»ù, ¿ÜºÎ¼º±â(À½°æ) µîÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ´Âµ¥, ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÚ¸¦ »ý¼ºÇϴ °÷Àº ´Ü ÇÑ °÷ °íȯ»ÓÀ̸ç, ³ª¸ÓÁö ±â°üÀº À̸¦ µ½´Â ±â´ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤Àڴ °íȯÀÇ Á¤¼¼°üÀ̶õ °÷¿¡¼­ ¸¸µé¾îÁø µÚ¿¡ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³ª¿Í ±ä ¿©Á¤À» ½ÃÀÛÇϰԠµÈ´Ù. ±× µÚ ºÎ°íȯÀ» Áö³ª Á» ´õ ¼º¼÷ÇØ Áø µÚ¿¡ Á¤°ü¿¡¼­ Á¤³¶ÀÇ ºÐºñ¹°°ú ¸¸³ª°í ´Ù½Ã ¿äµµ·Î ³ª°¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̶§ ¿äµµ µÚÂÊ¿¡ À§Ä¡Çϴ Àü¸³»ùÀÇ ºÐºñ¹°ÀÌ ÇÕÃÄÁö°Ô µÇ°í ÀÌ Á¤¾×Àº ¿ÜºÎ¼º±â¸¦ °ÅÃļ­ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³ª°¡°Ô µÈ´Ù.
  
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¿µ¹® reproductive system ÇÑ±Û »ý½Ä±â°èÅë
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  1.³²¼º»ý½Ä°èÅë: ³²¼º»ý½Ä±â´Â Á¤ÀÚ(sperm)¸¦ »ý¼ºÇϴ °íȯ°ú Á¤ÀÚÀÇ ¼º¼÷, ¿î¹Ý, ±×¸®°í »çÁ¤¿¡ °ü¿©Çϴ ºÎ°íȯ, Á¤°ü, À½°æ(penis) µîÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ºÎ¼Ó±â°üÀ¸·Î ¿ÜºÐºñ»ùÀΠÁ¤³¶(seminal vesicle), Àü¸³»ù(prostate), ¿äµµ¸Á¹°»ù(bulbourethral gland, Cowper¡¯s gland) µîÀ» °®Ãß°í ÀÖ´Ù. °íȯÀº Á¤ÀÚ¸¦ »ý»êÇϴ »ý½Ä»ùÀΠµ¿½Ã¿¡ ³²¼ºÈ£¸£¸ó(testosterone)À» ºÐºñÇϴ ³»ºÐºñ»ùÀÌ´Ù. °íȯ¿¡¼­ ºÐºñµÇ´Â ³²¼ºÈ£¸£¸óÀº Á¤ÀÚ»ý¼º°ú »ý½Ä±âÀÇ ¹ß´Þ ¹× À¯Áö¿¡ ÇʼöÀûÀΠ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇϹǷΠ³²¼º»ý½Ä±â´ÉÀÇ ¿øÃµÀº °íȯ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
  
  2.¿©¼º»ý½Ä°èÅë: ¿©¼º»ý½Ä±â´Â ³­ÀÚ¸¦ »ý¼ºÇϴ ³­¼Ò¿Í ³­ÀÚ¸¦ ÀÚ±ÃÀ¸·Î ¿î¹ÝÇϴ ³­°ü, ±×¸®°í Àڱðú Áú·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿ÜºÐºñ¼±ÀΠ¹Ù¸£Å縰»ù¸¦ °®Ãß°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³­¼Ò´Â ³­ÀÚ¸¦ »ý¼ºÇϴ »ý½Ä»ùÀΠµ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿©¼ºÈ£¸£¸óÀ» ºÐºñÄÉÇϴ ³»ºÐºñ»ùÀÌ´Ù. ¿ù°æÁÖ±â Àü¹ÝºÎ¿¡ ³­ÀÚ¸¦ »ý¼º½Ã۱âÀ§ÇØ ¼º¼÷µÇ°í Àִ ³­Æ÷¿¡¼­ ºÐºñµÇ´Â ¿¡½ºÆ®·Î°ÕÀº ¿©¼º 2Â÷ ¼ºÂ¡ÀÇ ¹ß´ÞÀ» °üÀåÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àڱ󻸷À» ÀåÂ÷ ¼öÁ¤µÉ ¼öÁ¤¶õÀÌ Âø»óÇϱ⿡ ¾Ë¸ÂÀº »óÅ·Π¸¸µé¾îÁØ´Ù. ³­ÀÚ°¡ ºÐºñµÇ°í ³²Àº È²Ã¼¿¡¼­ ºÐºñµÇ´Â Çª·Î°Ô½ºÅ×·ÐÀº Àڱ󻸷À» º×µµ·Ï Çϸ頺кñ¾×À» Áõ°¡½Ã۸ç ÀڱñÙÀÇ ¼öÃàÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ¿© ÀӽŽàÀÓ½ÅÀ» Áö¼Ó½Ã۴ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
¿µ¹® basal metabolic rate(BMR) ÇÑ±Û ±âÃÊ´ë»çÀ²
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  Ç¥ÁØ ±âÃÊ´ë»ç·®°ú ºñ±³ÇßÀ» ¶§ °³Ã¼ ±âÃÊ´ë»ç·®ÀÌ º¸À̴ ÆíÂ÷¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇϴ Áö¼ö. ±âÃÊ´ë»ç·®Àº »ý¸íÀ» À¯ÁöÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç·®À̸ç, ¼º°ú ¿¬·ÉÀÌ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °Ç°­ÀÎÀÇ ±âÃÊ´ë»ç·®Àº Ã¼Ç¥¸éÀû¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» Ã¼Ç¥¸éÀûÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢À̶ó°í Çϸç, 1882³â µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ´ë»ç»ý¸®ÇÐÀÚ M. ºê·ç³Ê¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦Ã¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. Ã¼Ç¥¸éÀûÀº ½ÅÀå°ú Ã¼Áß¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »êÃâµÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¼º-¿¬·É-½ÅÀå-üÁßÀ» ¾Ë¸é Ç¥ÁرâÃÊ·® Y°¡ »êÃâµÇ°í ½ÇÁ¦ÀÇ ±âÃÊ´ë»ç·® X´Â »ê¼Ò¼Òºñ·®°ú ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò ¹ß»ý·®¿¡¼­ »êÃâµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í X¿Í YÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ Y·Î ³ª´« °ª(%)À» ±âÃÊ´ë»çÀ²À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. °æÇèÀûÀ¸·Î ¾òÀº BMRÀÇ °£´ÜÇÑ ÃøÁ¤¹ýµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ½ÄÀ¸·Î ±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ä¿¡¼­ ¸ÆÆøÀ̶õ ÃÖ°íÇ÷¾Ð°ú ÃÖÀúÇ÷¾ÐÀÇ Â÷¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. BMR(%)=0.75(1ºÐ ¸Æ¹Ú¼ö + 0.74¡¿¸ÆÆø)£­72. BMRÀÌ 10% À̳»À̸é Á¤»ó¹üÀ§, +10% ÀÌ»óÀ̸頱âÃÊ´ë»çÇ×Áø, £­10% ÀÌÇÏÀ̸頱âÃÊ´ë»ç ÀúÇ϶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±âÃÊ´ë»ç´Â °øº¹½Ã(½ÄÈÄ 10½Ã°£ °æ°ú)¿¡ ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ´ÜÀ§ ½Ã°£´ç ÀÌ¿ëµÇ´Â ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ¾ç, Áï, ÇÑ ½Ã°£´ç, ¸ö Ç¥¸éÀÇ 1m2´ç ¶Ç´Â ¸ö¹«°Ô 1kg ´ç Ä®·Î¸®·Î ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. À̰ÍÀº °³Àο¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£¸ç Àå±â°£¿¡´Â °ÅÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ¾øÁö¸¸ Áúº´ µîÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ º¯µ¿µÈ´Ù. ½ÇÃøÇÑ ±âÃÊ´ë»ç¸¦ Ç¥ÁØÄ¡¿Í ºñ±³ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Áúº´ÀÇ Áø´Ü µî¿¡ ÀÀ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù BMR=(½ÇÃøÄ¡-Ç¥ÁØÄ¡)/Ç¥ÁØÄ¡ ¡¿100(%)·Î ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.
¿µ¹® five-year survival rate ÇÑ±Û ¿À³â»ýÁ¸À²
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  1. µ¿ÀÏ Áúº´ÀÇ Áø´Ü È¤Àº Ä¡·á ÈÄ, 5³âÀÌ °æ°ú µÈ µÚÀÇ »ýÁ¸ÀÚ¼öÀǠǥÇö. 2. ¾ÏÀÇ Áø´Ü ¶Ç´Â Ä¡·á µÚ¿¡ °Ë»ç¸¦ ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ¿© 5³â µ¿¾È »ì¾Æ Àִ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹éºÐÀ². Ä¡·á ÈÄ 5³â µ¿¾È »ýÁ¸Çϸé ÀÏ´Ü Ä¡À¯µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù.
¿µ¹® ESR(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) ÇÑ±Û ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­¼Óµµ, Ç÷ħ
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  Ç÷¾×ÀÌ ÀÀ°íµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÁöÇϴ Ç×ÀÀ°íÁ¦¸¦ ³ÖÀº Ç÷¾×À» Ä§°­¿ë À¯¸®°ü¿¡ ³Ö¾î °¡¸¸È÷ ¼¼¿ö µÎ¾úÀ» ¶§ ÀûÇ÷±¸°¡ °¡¶ó¾É´Â ¼Óµµ¸¦ À̸£´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. 1918³â ½º¿þµ§ÀÇ º´¸®ÇÐÀÚ ÆÄ·¹¿ì½ºÀǠâ¾È¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÃøÁ¤¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿©·¯ °¡Áö°¡ Àִµ¥, ±¹Á¦Ç¥ÁعýÀ¸·Î´Â 1973³â ¿þ½ºÅͱ׷»¹ýÀÇ 1½Ã°£¹ýÀÌ ¼±Á¤µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 1977³â ±×°ÍÀ» °³Á¤ÇÏ¿© °¢±¹¿¡¼­ ¾²µµ·Ï ±ÇÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. 1½Ã°£ ÈĠħ°­¿ë À¯¸®°ü À§ÂÊÀÇ Ç÷Àå±âµÕÀÇ ³ôÀ̸¦ mm·Î Àоî, ±×°ÍÀ» ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­ÀÇ 1½Ã°£°ªÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à Ç÷Àå°ú ÀûÇ÷±¸ÀÇ °æ°è°¡ ¼±¸íÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ °æ¿ì, ÀûÇ÷±¸ÀÇ ¹Ðµµ°¡ ±× ÀÌÇÏ¿¡¼­´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °÷ÀÇ ´«±ÝÀ» Àоî ÀûÇ÷±¸Ä§°­ÀÇ 1½Ã°£°ªÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ÃøÁ¤ ¶§ÀÇ ½Ç³»¿Âµµ´Â 18~25µµ·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À̺¸´Ù ¿Âµµ°¡ ³ôÀº °æ¿ì´Â Ç÷ħ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ÃËÁøµÇ¸ç, ³·Àº °æ¿ì´Â ´Ê¾îÁø´Ù. Á¤»ó °ªÀº 2~10mm(³²ÀÚ), 3~15mm(¿©ÀÚ)À̸ç 15¼¼ ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ¾î¸°ÀÌ, 50¼¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °í·ÉÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â ¾à°£ ³ô´Ù.
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  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • assisted reproductive technology
    º¸Á¶»ý½Ä±â¼ú
  • reproductive chromatin
    »ý½Ä¿°»öÁú
  • reproductive organ
    »ý½Ä±â°ü
  • reproductive system
    »ý½Ä°èÅë, »ý½Ä°è
  • reproductive technology
    Àç»ý»ê¼ú
  • rate ratio
    ºñÀ²ºñ
  • standardized rate ratio
    Ç¥ÁØÈ­ºñÀ²ºñ
  • basic
    1. ¿°±â¼º- 2. ±âº»-, ±âÃÊ-
  • basic craving
    ±âº»Àû¿å±¸
  • basic deviation
    ±âº»ÆíÀ§, ±âº»»ç½Ã
  • basic dye
    ¿°±â¹°°¨
  • basic food group
    ±âÃʽÄǰ±º
  • basic life support
    ±âº»¼Ò»ý¼ú
  • basic number
    ±âº»¼ö
  • basic stain
    ¿°±â¿°»ö
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  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • basic number
    ±âº»¼ö
  • reproductive organ
    »ý½Ä±â°ü
  • reproductive system
    »ý½Ä°èÅë
  • assisted reproductive technology
    º¸Á¶»ý½Ä±â¼ú
  • ratio
    ºñ, À²
  • correlation ratio
    »ó°üºñ
  • inspiratory expiratory ratio
    µé¼û³¯¼ûºñÀ², ÈíÈ£±â´ëºñ
  • odds ratio
    ±³Â÷ºñ
  • scatter-maximum ratio
    ÃÖ´ë»ê¶õºñ
  • segregation ratio
    ºÐ¸®ºñ
  • sex ratio
    ¼ººñ
  • signal-to-noise ratio
    ½ÅÈ£´ëÀâÀ½ºñ
  • uptake ratio
    ¼·ÃëÀ²
  • rate limiting enzyme
    ¼ÓµµÁ¶ÀýÈ¿¼Ò
  • rate
    1. ¼Óµµ, 2. À², 3. Á¤µµ, 4. ¾ç
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • assisted reproductive technology
    º¸Á¶»ý½Ä±â¼ú
  • reproductive chromatin
    »ý½Ä¿°»öÁú
  • reproductive hypha
    »ý½Ä¼¼Æ÷»ý»êÆÎÀ̽Ç, »ý½Ä¼¼Æ÷»ý»ê±Õ»ç
  • reproductive organ
    »ý½Ä±â°ü
  • reproductive system
    »ý½Ä°èÅë
  • reproductive technology
    Àç»ý»ê¼ú
  • basic craving
    ±âº»Àû¿å±¸
  • basic deviation
    ±âº»ÆíÀ§, ±âº»»ç½Ã
  • basic dye
    ¿°±â»ö¼Ò, ¿°±â¿°·á
  • basic number
    ±âº»¼ö
  • basic stain
    ¿°±â¿°»ö
  • basic food group
    ±âÃʽÄǰ±º
  • basic life support
    ±âº»¼Ò»ý¼ú
  • basic secretion test
    ±âº»ºÐºñ°Ë»ç
  • major basic protein
    ÁÖ±âÀú´Ü¹é, ÁÖ¿ä±âÃʴܹé
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  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • Female reproductive system
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  • inner basic lamellae
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  • AC/A ratio->ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation
    Á¶ÀýÆøÁÖºñ
  • A£¯G ratio=£¾albumin globulin ratio
    A£¯G ºñ.
  • U/S osmol ratio => urine/serum osmol ratio
    ¼Òº¯/Ç÷û ¿À½º¸ôºñ
  • DeRitis ratio
    µå¸®Æ¼½ººñÀ²
  • Donnan ratio
    µ·³­À²
  • G/N ratio
    G/Nºñ Æ÷µµ´ç°ú Áú¼ÒÀÇ ºñÀ² .
  • INR => International Normalized Ratio
    ±¹Á¦Á¤»óÈ­ºñÀ²
  • International Normalized Ratio
    ±¹Á¦Á¤»óÈ­ºñÀ²
  • International Normalized Ratio=INR
    ±¹Á¦Á¤»óÈ­ºñ
  • L/S ratio
    L/S ºñÀ²
  • OER [=oxygen enhancement ratio]
    »ê¼Ò°­È­À²
  • S-D ratio
    ¼öÃà±â-À̿ϱ⠺ñ (â¥õêÑ¢-ì¬èÐÑ¢ Ýï)
  • SNR (signal to noise ratio)
    ½ÅÈ£´ë ÀâÀ½ºñÀ²
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  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • dextrosenitrogen ratio =DN ratio
    Æ÷µµ´çÁú¼Òºñ.
  • assisted reproductive technology
    º¸Á¶»ý½Ä¼ú
  • female reproductive cycle
    ¿©¼º»ý½ÄÁÖ±â
  • hypha, reproductive
    »ý½Ä¼¼Æ÷»ý»ê±Õ»ç, »ý½Ä¼¼Æ÷»ý»êÆÎÀ̽Ç
  • male reproductive cycle
    ³²¼º»ý½ÄÁÖ±â
  • reproductive chromatin
    »ý½Ä¿°»öÁú (¡­æøßäòõ).
  • reproductive death
    Áõ½Ä»ç
  • reproductive gland
    »ý½Ä¼±(ßæãÖàÍ).
  • reproductive hypha
    »ý½Ä±Õ»ç(ßæãÖжÞê).
  • reproductive hypha
    »ý½Ä±Õ»ç(ßæãÖжÞê).
  • reproductive organs
    »ý½Ä±â°ü(ßæãÖÐïη).
  • reproductive system
    »ý½Ä±â°èÅë(ßæãÖ Ðïͧ÷Ö).
  • reproductive technology
    Àç»ý»ê(±â-)¼ú
  • cardiac rate =heart rate
    ½É¹Ú¼ö(¡­â¦).
  • dose rate ; dosage rate ; dose per unit time
    ¹æ»ç ÀÓº´,ÇÙÀÇ,¾à¸®¼±·®·ü, ¿ë·®.
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  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • Male reproductive cycle
    ³²¼º»ý½ÄÁÖ±â
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ³²¼º»ý½ÄÁÖ±â
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    ¿©¼º»ý½ÄÁÖ±â
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ¿©¼º»ý½ÄÁÖ±â
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  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • egg negative conversion rate
    Ãæ¶õÀ½ÀüÀ²
  • egg reduction rate
    Ãæ¶õ°¨¼ÒÀ²
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  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • reproductive death
    Àç»ý ºÒ´É»ç(î¢ßæÝÕÒöÞÝ)
  • basic amino acid
    ¿°±â¼º(ç¤Ðñàõ) ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»ê(ß«)
  • basic dye
    ¿°±â¼º »ö¼Ò(ç¤ÐñàõßäáÈ)
  • basic food
    ¿°±â¼º ½Äǰ(ç¤ÐñàõãÝù¡)
  • basic number
    ±âº»¼ö(ÐñÜââ¦)
  • myelin basic protein
    ¼öÃÊ¿°±â¼º(âËÃÊç¤Ðñàõ) ´Ü¹éÁú(Ó±ÛÜòõ)
  • basal metabolic rate
    "±â(ÃÊ,º»)´ë»çÀ²(Ðñ(õ¨,Üâ)ÓÛÞóëÒ)"
  • catalytic rate constant
    Ã˸żӵµ»ó¼ö(õºØÚáÜÓøßÈâ¦)
  • exponential growth rate constant
    Áö¼ö ¼ºÀå¼Óµµ »ó¼ö (ò¦â¦à÷íþáÜÓøßÈâ¦)
  • growth rate constant
    ¼ºÀå¼Óµµ »ó¼ö (à÷íþáÜÓøßÈâ¦)
  • rate
    À²(ëÒ)
  • rate constant
    ¼Óµµ»ó¼ö(áÜÓøßÈâ¦)
  • rate-determining step
    ¼Óµµ°áÁ¤ ´Ü°è(áÜÓøÌ½ïÒÓ«Í­)
  • rate equation
    ¼Óµµ ¹æÁ¤½Ä(áÜÓøÛ°ïïãÒ)
  • rate-limiting step
    ¼ÓµµÁ¦ÇÑ ´Ü°è(áÜÓøð¤ùÚÓ«Í­)
KI ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • basic
    ¿°±â¼º, ±âÃÊÀÇ, ±âº»ÀÇ
  • basic element
    ±âÃÊ ¼ººÐ
  • basic science
    ±âÃÊ °úÇÐ
  • reproductive
    »ý½ÄÀÇ
  • reproductive organ
    »ý½Ä±â°ü
  • reproductive system
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ECG Electro-Cardio-Graphy(-Gram); ½ÉÀüµµ
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RR radiation reaction; radiation response; rate ratio; rational recovery [group]; recovery room; relati...
PR by way of the rectum [Lat. per rectum]; far point [of accommodation] [Lat. punctum remotum]; palindr...
AR absolute risk; accounts receivable; achievement ratio; actinic reticuloid [syndrome]; active resista...
SR sarcoplasmic reticulum; saturation recovery; scanning radiometer; screen; secretion rate; sedimentat...
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basic FGF Basic fibroblast growth factor
ART Assisted Reproductive Techniques
ART Assisted Reproductive Technologies
ARTs Assisted Reproductive Technologies
ART Assisted Reproductive Technology
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CancerWEB ¿µ¿µ ÀÇÇлçÀü ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 1 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
basic reproductive rate, ratio <epidemiology> See Reproductive Ratio.
(05 Dec 1998)
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reproductive ratio <epidemiology> 1. Basic reproductive ratio , Ro , a dimensionless parameter which encapsulates the biological details of different transmission mechanisms. For microparasites, Ro , is defined as the average number of secondary cases of infection to which one primary case gives rise throughout its infectious period if introduced into a defined population consisting solely of susceptible individuals. For macroparasites, Ro , is the average number of female offspring (or just offspring in the case of hermaphroditic species) produced throughout the lifetime of a mature female parasite, which themselves achieve reproductive maturity in the absence of density-dependent constraints on the parasite establishment, survival or reproduction.
Also known as the basic reproduction rate, number.
2. Effective reproductive ratio , R , The number of secondary cases (microparasites) or female offspring (macroparasites) produced in a host population not consisting entirely of susceptible individuals (microparasites) or within which density dependent constraints limit parasite population growth (macroparasites). Under conditions of stable endemic infection, R=1.
(05 Dec 1998)
assisted reproductive technology Originally, a range of techniques for manipulating eggs and sperm in order to overcome infertility. Encompasses drug treatments to stimulate ovulation; surgical methods for removing eggs (e.g., laparoscopy and ultrasound-guided transvaginal aspiration) and for reimplanting embryos (e.g., zygot intrafallopian transfer (or ZIFT); in vitro and in vivo fertilization (e.g., artificial insemination and gamete intrafallopian transfer (or GIFT); ex utero and in utero foetal surgery; as well as laboratory regimes for freezing and screening sperm and embryos, and micromanipulating and cloning embryos.
The field's first major success came in 1978 with the birth of "test-tube baby" Louise Brown, engineered by Steptoe, Edwards, et al., of England. As the technologies spread, they increasingly are being employed for purposes beyond infertility, i.e., to reduce the risk of, or avoid passing on, hereditary disease and to select for infant sex. Further uses that would aim at improving the "quality" of offspring have been widely discussed and raise profound legal and ethical questions.
See: eugenics.
(05 Mar 2000)
cells, reproductive The eggs and sperm are the reproductive cells. Each mature reproductive cell is haploid in that it has a single set of 23 chromosomes.
(12 Dec 1998)
reproductive Relating to reproduction.
(05 Mar 2000)
reproductive adaptation A peculiarity of the reproductive mechanism of a species that results in it being better fitted to its environment (for example, prolonged seed dormancy).
(09 Oct 1997)
reproductive and urinary physiology Physiology of the human and animal body, male or female, in the reproductive process and the physiology of the urinary tract.
(12 Dec 1998)
reproductive assimilation In sensorimotor theory, an active cognitive process by which past experience is applied to novel situations.
(05 Mar 2000)
reproductive cells The eggs and sperm are the reproductive cells. Each mature reproductive cell is haploid in that it has a single set of 23 chromosomes.
(12 Dec 1998)
reproductive control agents Substances used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy.
(12 Dec 1998)
reproductive cycle The cycle which begins with conception and extends through gestation and parturition.
(05 Mar 2000)
reproductive endocrinologist An ob-gyn who specialises in the treatment of hormonal disorders that affect reproductive function.
(09 Oct 1997)
reproductive history An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.
(12 Dec 1998)
reproductive medicine A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. It includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intra-fallopian transfer of zygotes.
(12 Dec 1998)
reproductive nucleus <cell biology> The smaller nucleus in ciliate protozoans, fully active in inheritance and passed after meiosis to conjugating pairs. Gives rise to the macronucleus or macronuclei. Genes in the micronucleus are not actively transcribed.
(18 Nov 1997)
reproductive surgeon An ob-gyn or urologist who specialises in the surgical correction of anatomical disorders that impair reproductive function.
(09 Oct 1997)
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