| APA | action potential amplitude; aldosterone-producing adenoma; Ambulatory Pediatric Association; America... |
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| IPA | immunoperoxidase assay; incontinentia pigmenti achromians; independent physician or practice associa... |
| AAP | air at atmospheric pressure; American Academy of Pediatrics; American Academy of Pedodontics; Americ... |
| IFA | idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis; immunofluorescence assay; immunofluorescent antibody; incomplete Fr... |
| ADA | adenosine deaminase; American Dental Association; American Dermatological Association; American Diab... |
| IASP | International Association for the Study of Pain |
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| CES-D | Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression |
| CES-D | Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale |
| CES-D | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression |
| CESD | Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale |
| retracted publication | Designation of an article or book retracted in whole or in part by an author or authors or an authorised representative. It identifies a citation previously published and now retracted through a formal issuance from the author, publisher, or other authorised agent, and is distinguished from retraction of publication, which identifies the citation retracting the original published item. (12 Dec 1998) |
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| retraction of publication | A statement issued by one or more authors of an article or a book, withdrawing or disavowing acknowledgment of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study. In indexing, the retraction is sent to the editor of the publication in which the article appeared and is published under the rubric "retraction" or in the form of a letter. This publication type designates the author's statement of retraction: it should be differentiated from retracted publication which labels the retracted publication. (12 Dec 1998) |
| publication bias | The influence of study results on the chances of publication and the tendency of investigators, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or strength of the study findings. Publication bias has an impact on the interpretation of clinical trials and meta-analyses. Bias can be minimised by insistence by editors on high-quality research, thorough literature reviews, acknowledgement of conflicts of interest, modification of peer review practices, etc. (12 Dec 1998) |
| duplicate publication | Simultaneous or successive publishing of identical or near- identical material in two or more different sources without acknowledgment. It differs from reprinted publication in that a reprint cites sources. It differs from plagiarism in that duplicate publication is the product of the same authorship while plagiarism publishes a work or parts of a work of another as one's own. The designation given an article or book of identical or nearly identical material published simultaneously or successively with the material previously published elsewhere, without acknowledgment. (12 Dec 1998) |
| Systeme International d'Unites | See: International System of Units. (05 Mar 2000) |
| international | 1. Between or among nations; pertaining to the intercourse of nations; participated in by two or more nations; common to, or affecting, two or more nations. 2. Of or concerning the association called the International. International code, a common system of signaling adopted by nearly all maritime nations, whereby communication may be had between vessels at sea. International copyright. See Copyright. International law, the rules regulating the mutual intercourse of nations. International law is mainly the product of the conditions from time to time of international intercourse, being drawn from diplomatic discussion, textbooks, proof of usage, and from recitals in treaties. It is called public when treating of the relations of sovereign powers, and private when of the relations of persons of different nationalities. International law is now, by the better opinion, part of the common law of the land. Cf. Conflict of laws, under Conflict. Origin: Pref. Inter- + national: cf. F. International. Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998) |
| international agencies | International organizations which provide health-related or other cooperative services. (12 Dec 1998) |
| International Classification of Disease | The classification of specific conditions and groups of conditions determined by an internationally representative expert committee that advises the World Health Organization, which publishes the complete list in a periodically revised book, the Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death. The Tenth Revision (ICD) came into use in 1992; it has 20 chapters, each with a hierarchical arrangement of subdivisions (rubrics); some chapters are aetiological, more relate to body systems, some to classes of conditions, some to procedures. Acronym: ICD (05 Mar 2000) |
| International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care | A classification of diseases, conditions and problems arranged for use in primary care where diagnostic precision is seldom possible. (05 Mar 2000) |
| International Classification of Impairments Disabilities and Handicaps | A WHO-sponsored numerical taxonomy of the impairments, disabilities and handicaps consequent upon injury and disease. (05 Mar 2000) |
| International Code of Zoological Nomenclature | <zoology> An Authoritative document containing a system of rules and recommendations to be followed in giving a scientific name to an animal or animal group. Adopted by the International Congresses of Zoology and Administered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The most recent version of the Code, adopted in principle by the 20th General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences at Helsinki in 1979, was approved by the ICZN late in 1983. With minor exceptions it retains the same format as the first two editions. Minor amendments for immediate incorporation are published in Bulletin Zoological Nomenclature as Declarations to remain in force until ratified or rejected by future congresses. (09 Jan 1998) |
| International Committee of the Red Cross | A neutral Swiss organization serving as an intermediary between contending forces in armed conflict, in civil war, or internal strife, to help victims receive protection and other humanitarian assistance under the Geneva Conventions in accordance with the fundamental principles of the Red Cross. (05 Mar 2000) |
| international cooperation | The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest. (12 Dec 1998) |
| international council of nurses | An international professional organization composed of one association per country for the purpose of improving and developing nursing's contribution to the promotion of health and care of the sick. (12 Dec 1998) |
| international educational exchange | The exchange of students or professional personnel between countries done under the auspices of an organization for the purpose of further education. (12 Dec 1998) |
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