¼±Åà - È­»ìǥŰ/¿£ÅÍŰ ´Ý±â - ESC

 
"white blood cell transfusion"¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Ë»ö °á°úÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °Ë»ö °á°ú º¸´Â µµÁß¿¡ Tab ۸¦ ´©¸£½Ã¸é °Ë»ö âÀÌ ¼±Åõ˴ϴÙ.
¾Ë±â½¬¿î ÀÇÇпë¾îÇ®ÀÌÁý, ¼­¿ïÀÇ´ë ±³¼ö ÁöÁ¦±Ù, °í·ÁÀÇÇÐ ÃâÆÇ À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 5 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿µ¹® squamous cell carcinoma ÇÑ±Û ÆíÆò¼¼Æ÷¾ÏÁ¾
¼³¸í   
  ÆíÆò¼¼Æ÷ ±â¿øÀÇ ¾ÏÀ¸·Î¼­, ÆíÆò¼¼Æ÷°¡ Àִ ¾î¶² °÷¿¡¼­µç ¹ß»ý°¡´ÉÇÔ. µû¶ó¼­ ½Äµµ¾Ï, ÇǺξÏ, Æó¾Ï, ÀڱþϠµîÀÌ ¿©±â¿¡ ÇØ´çµÈ´Ù. Æ¯È÷ ÇǺξÏÀº ¸¹Àº Àڿܼ±Á¶»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý±â´Â ±¤¼±°¢È­Áõ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ý°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. º´¸®Á¶Á÷ÇÐÀû Æ¯¼ºÀ¸·Î¼­ °¢ÁúÀ» »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
¿µ¹® fasting blood sugar ÇÑ±Û °øº¹Ç÷´ç, ºó¼ÓÇ÷´ç
¼³¸í   
  Ç÷¾×¼Ó¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî Àִ Æ÷µµ´ç. ³ú¿Í ÀûÇ÷±¸ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀÌ µÇ°í, ±× ¾çÀº ¿îµ¿, ½Ä»ç µûÀ§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ´Þ¶óÁø´Ù. °Ç°­ÀÎÀÇ ¾ÆÄ§ °øº¹½Ã Ç÷Áß Æ÷µµ´ç ³óµµ´Â 60~100mg/dLÀÌÁö¸¸ ±âŸÀÇ ´çÁú Áï °ú´ç, °¥¶ôÅ佺, 5ź´çÀº ¹Ì·®À̸ç ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Ç÷´çÀÏ Çϸé Ç÷Á߯÷µµ´çÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. Ç÷´çÀº »ýüÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀ¸·Î¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ±× ³óµµ´Â Ã¢ÀÚ°üÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Èí¼ö, °£¿¡ À־ÀÇ ´ç½Å»ý°ú ±Û¸®ÄÚ°ÕÀÇ ÇÕ¼º-ºÐÇØ, ¸»ÃÊÁ¶Á÷ÀÇ ´çÀÌ¿ë, ÄáÆÏÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¹è¼³ µî ¿©·¯ ÀÎÀÚ¿¡ÀÇÇØ Á¿ìµÇ¸ç ±× Á¶Àý¿¡´Â ÀÚÀ²½Å°æ°ú °¢Á¾ È£¸£¸óÀÌ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇϰԠ°ü°èÇÑ´Ù. Æ¯È÷ Ç÷´çÀúÇÏÀÛ¿ë¿¡´Â Àν¶¸°ÀÌ, ±×¸®°í Ç÷´ç»ó½ÂÀÛ¿ë¿¡´Â ¿¡Çdz×ÇÁ¸°, ±Û·çÄ«°ï, ¼ºÀåÈ£¸£¸ó, ºÎ½Å°ÑÁúÈ£¸£¸ó, ºÎ½Å°ÑÁúÀÚ±ØÈ£¸£¸ó, °©»ó»ù È£¸£¸óÀÌ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ´ëÇ× ¹× ÇùÁ¶ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ç÷´çÄ¡°¡ Á¶ÀýµÈ´Ù.
¿µ¹® whole blood ÇÑ±Û ÀüÇ÷, ¿ÂÇ÷¾×
¼³¸í   
  Ç÷¾×ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼ººÐÀÌ Çϳªµµ Á¦°ÅµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿ÂÀüÇÑ Ç÷¾×. ÀüÇ÷Àº ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ¹«±ÕÁ¶°ÇÇÏ¿¡¼­, ¼±º°ÇÑ °øÇ÷ÀڷκÎÅ͠äÃëÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±¸¿¬»ê ÀÌ¿ÂÀ̳ª ÇìÆÄ¸° °°Àº Ç×ÀÀ°øÁ¦·Î ÀÀ°í¸¦ ¹æÁöÇÏ¿© Ç÷¾×º¸Ãæ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
¿µ¹® blood collection ÇÑ±Û Ã¤Ç÷
¼³¸í   
  1. ¸ð¼¼°üÇ÷ : Ç÷±¸¼ö-Ç÷¼ÒÆÇ¼ö °è»ê, Ç÷»ö¼Ò·®, Ç÷±¸¿ëÀûÃøÁ¤, µµ¸»Ç¥º»Á¦ÀÛ µîÀ» ÇÒ¶§ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ±ÓºÒ ¶Ç´Â ¼Õ°¡¶ô³¡¹Ù´Ú¸éÀ» ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¸¶ÂûÇÑ ´ÙÀ½, ¾ËÄڿ÷Π¼Òµ¶-°ÇÁ¶½ÃÄѼ­, ÀÛÀº Ä® ¶Ç´Â Á¾µÎħ È¤Àº 1mmÀÇ ÁÖ»çħÀ¸·Î 2~3mmÀÇ ±íÀ̱îÁö Â´Ù. ¸ÇóÀ½ Çǹæ¿ïÀº ´Û¾Æ³½ ÈÄ ´ÙÀ½ Ç͹æ¿ïÀ» °Ë»ç¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. 2. Á¤¸ÆÇ÷ : ´ë·®ÀÇ Ç÷¾×À» ¿äÇϴ °æ¿ì¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. º¸Åë (ÆÈ²ÞÄ¡Á¤ÁßÇǺÎ)ÁÖÁ¤ÁßÇÇÁ¤¸ÆÀ» Â¸ç, ¿µÀ¯¾ÆÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¿Ü°æÁ¤¸ÆÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ÁöÇ÷¿ë °í¹«ÁٷΠ»ó´ÜÀ» ÃÖÀúÇ÷¾Ð¿¡ »ó´çÇϴ Á¤µµ·Î ¹­°í, ÁÖ¸ÔÀ» ²À Áã°Ô ÇÏ¿© Á¤¸ÆÀ» ³ëÃâ½ÃŲ ÈÄ ¸ê±Õ°ÇÁ¶ÁÖ»ç±â¸¦ Ç÷°ü³»¿¡ »ðÀÔÇÑ´Ù. °ð ¹Ù·Î °í¹«ÁÙ°ú ÁÖ¸ÔÀ» Ç®°í Ã¤Ç÷À» ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ Ç÷¾×À» ½ÃÇè°ü¿¡ ³Ö´Â´Ù. 2ºÐÀÌ»óÀÇ Á¤¸Æ ¿ïÇ÷Àº Ç÷¾×¼º»ó¿¡ º¯È­¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â´Ù. 2. µ¿¸ÆÇ÷ : À§ÆÈµ¿¸Æ ¶Ç´Â ³Ò´Ù¸® µ¿¸ÆÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÃµÀںθ¦ ¼Òµ¶ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½, ÇÁ·ÎÄ«ÀΠ±¹¼Ò¸¶Ã븦 ÇÑ´Ù. Ã¤Ç÷ÀÚ ¿Þ¼ÕÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥¼Õ°¡¶ô°ú µÑ°¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ¸·Î µ¿¸ÆÀ» °íÁ¤Çϰí, ÁÖ»çħÀ» µ¿¸Æ¿¡ 45~65¡ÉÀÇ °¢µµ·Î Âñ·¯ ³Ö¾î Ã¤Ç÷ ÈÄ ¸öÂʵ¿¸ÆÀ» ¾öÁö¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ¸·Î ¾Ð¹ÚÇϸ鼭 ÁÖ»çħÀ» »©°í, ±× µÚ 5ºÐ°£Âë Â ºÎÀ§¸¦ ¾Ð¹ÚÇÑ´Ù.
¿µ¹® blood vessel ÇÑ±Û Ç÷°ü
¼³¸í   
  Ç÷¾×ÀÌ ´Ù´Ï´Â ±æ. µ¿¸Æ, ¸ð¼¼Ç÷°ü, Á¤¸ÆÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù. µ¿¸ÆÀº ½ÉÀå¿¡¼­ ³ª°¡´Â ÇǸ¦ ¿î¹ÝÇϴ Ç÷°ü. À̰ÍÀº ½ÉÀå¿¡¼­ ³ª°¡´Â ÇǸ¦ ¿î¹ÝÇϴ Ç÷°üÀ̸砽ÉÀå¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ ¸¹Àº ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇϹǷΠ¸¹Àº ¿¬Á¶Á÷°ú Åº¼º¼¶À¯·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Å©±â¿Í ±× Çö¹Ì°æÀû ±¸Á¶¿¡ µû¶ó ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ³ª´«´Ù. ´ëµ¿¸Æ(¿Þ½É½Ç¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ ³ª¿À´Â µ¿¸Æ. ¿Â¸öÀÇ Ç÷¾× ¼øÈ¯ÀÇ Áٱ⿪ÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù), µ¿¸Æ(´ëµ¿¸Æ¿¡¼­ ºÐÁö¸¦ ³½ Áß°£ Å©±âÀÇ µ¿¸Æ), ¼¼µ¿¸Æ(µ¿¸Æ¿¡¼­ ºÐÁö¸¦ ³½ ÀÛÀº µ¿¸ÆÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù)À¸·Î ³ª´«´Ù.
  
  ¸ð¼¼Ç÷°ü(capillary)Àº ÇÑÃþÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¾ãÀº Ç÷°ü. À̰ÍÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ¿µ¾çºÐ°ú »ê¼ÒÀÇ À̵¿, ³ëÆó¹°ÀÇ À̵¿ µîÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.
  
  Á¤¸Æ(vein)Àº ½ÉÀåÀ¸·Î µé¾î¿À´Â Çǰ¡ È帣´Â Åë·Î. µ¿¸Æ¿¡ ºñÇØ¼­ Ç÷°üÀÇ º®ÀÌ ¾ã°í Ç÷¾×ÀÇ ¿ª·ù¸¦ ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÆÇ¸·ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϴ °ÍÀ̠Ư¡ÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ½ÉÀå¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê±â¶§¹®¿¡ Ç÷¾×ÀÌ ¿ª·ùÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ¶Ç Ç÷°üº®ÀÌ ¾ã¾Æµµ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Å©±â¿Í Çö¹Ì°æÀû ±¸Á¶¿¡ µû¶ó ´ëÁ¤¸Æ(½ÉÀå°ú Á÷Á¢ ¿¬°áµÇ´Â Á¤¸Æ), Á¤¸Æ(´ëÁ¤¸Æ¿¡ À̸£±âÀü Áß°£ ±½±âÀÇ Á¤¸Æ), ¼¼Á¤¸Æ(¸ð¼¼Ç÷°ü°ú Á÷Á¢ ¿¬°áµÇ¾î Àִ ÀÛÀº ±½±âÀÇ Á¤¸Æ)À¸·Î ³ª´«´Ù.
  
  Ç÷°ü
´ëÇÑÀÇÇù ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • packed red blood cell
    ³óÃàÀûÇ÷±¸
  • red blood cell
    ÀûÇ÷±¸
  • red blood cell dysmorphism
    ÀûÇ÷±¸ÇüÅÂÀÌ»ó(Áõ)
  • arterial blood
    µ¿¸ÆÇ÷¾×, µ¿¸ÆÇÇ
  • arterial blood gas
    µ¿¸ÆÇ÷°¡½º
  • arterial blood gas analysis
    µ¿¸ÆÇ÷°¡½ººÐ¼®
  • artificial blood
    ÀΰøÇ÷¾×
  • autologous blood
    ÀÚ°¡Ç÷¾×
  • automated noninvasive blood pressure device
    ºñħ½ÀÀÚµ¿Ç÷¾Ð±â
  • ABO blood group system
    ABOÇ÷¾×Çüü°è
  • allowable blood loss
    Çã¿ë½ÇÇ÷·®, Çã¿ëÇ÷¾×»ó½Ç·®
  • blood
    Ç÷¾×, ÇÇ
  • blood agar
    Ç÷¾×¿ì¹«¹èÁö
  • blood agar medium
    Ç÷¾×¿ì¹«¹èÁö
  • blood bank
    Ç÷¾×ÀºÇà
´ëÇÑÀÇÇù Çʼö ÀÇÇпë¾îÁý »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • blood pressure
    Ç÷¾Ð
  • blood product
    Ç÷¾×Á¦Á¦
  • portal blood pressure
    ¹®¸Æ¾Ð
  • blood flow rate
    Ç÷·ù·®, Ç÷·ù¼Óµµ
  • arterial blood gas study
    µ¿¸ÆÇ÷°¡½ººÐ¼®
  • blood sugar
    Ç÷´ç
  • blood supply
    Ç÷¾×°ø±Þ
  • blood group system
    Ç÷¾×Çü±º
  • blood test
    Ç÷¾×°Ë»ç
  • blood type
    Ç÷¾×Çü
  • blood coagulation test
    Ç÷¾×ÀÀ°í°Ë»ç
  • blood sugar test
    Ç÷´ç°Ë»ç
  • occult blood test
    ÀáÇ÷°Ë»ç
  • blood volume
    Ç÷¾×·®
  • blood vessel
    Ç÷°ü
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • plasma component transfusion
    Ç÷À强ºÐ¼öÇ÷
  • post-transfusion thrombocytopenia
    ¼öÇ÷ÈÄÀúÇ÷¼ÒÆÇÁõ
  • transfusion reaction
    ¼öÇ÷ºÎÀÛ¿ë, ¼öÇ÷¹ÝÀÀ
  • substitution transfusion
    (¢¡exchange transfusion) ±³È¯¼öÇ÷
  • transfusion
    ¼öÇ÷
  • ABO blood group system
    ¿¡À̺ñ¿ÀÇ÷¾×Çü±º
  • allowable blood loss
    Çã¿ë½ÇÇ÷·®
  • arterial blood
    µ¿¸ÆÇ÷¾×, µ¿¸ÆÇÇ
  • arterial blood gas study
    µ¿¸ÆÇ÷°¡½ººÐ¼®
  • artificial blood
    ÀΰøÇ÷¾×
  • autologous blood
    ÀÚ°¡Ç÷¾×
  • automated noninvasive blood pressure device
    ºñħ½ÀÀÚµ¿Ç÷¾Ð±â
  • blood gas apparatus
    Ç÷¾×°¡½ººÐ¼®ÀåÄ¡
  • soybean-casein digest blood agar
    ¼ÒÀ̺óÄ«Á¦ÀμÒÈ­Ç÷¾×¿ì¹«
  • blood
    Ç÷¾×, ÇÇ
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù 2 ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • ELBF=£¾effective liver blood flow
    À¯È¿¼º °£Ç÷·ù.
  • ELBF=£¾effective liver blood flow
    À¯È¿ °£Ç÷·ù.
  • Kell blood group system
    ÄÌÇ÷¾×Çü±º
  • Kidd blood group system
    ۵åÇ÷¾×Çü±º
  • Lewis blood group system
    ·çÀ̽º Ç÷¾×Çü±º
  • Lutheran blood group system
    ·çÅͶõ Ç÷¾×Çü±º
  • Lutheran blood groups
    ·çÅ×¶õÇ÷¾×±º
  • Lutheran s blood groups
    ·çÅ×¶õÇ÷¾×±º.
  • MBP=£¾mean blood pressure
    Áß°£Ç÷¾Ð ¡ìÀÏÀÎÀÇ¡í, Æò±ÕÇ÷¾Ð.
  • Manson blood fluke
    ¸¸¼ÕÇ÷ÈíÃæ
  • OMNISTIK blood gas syringe
    ¿È´Ï½ºÆ½Ç÷¾×°¡½ºÁÖ»ç±â
  • P blood group system
    PÇ÷¾×Çü±º
  • Rh blood group
    RhÇ÷¾×Çü.
  • Rh blood group
    Rh Ç÷¾×Çü
  • Rh blood group system
    Rh Ç÷¾×Çü±º
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù 3 ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • immune serum globulin transfusion
    ¸é¿ªÇ÷û±Û·ÎºÒ¸°¼öÇ÷
  • indirect transfusion
    °£Á¢¼öÇ÷.
  • intraarterial transfusion
    µ¿¸Æ³»¼öÇ÷.
  • intramedullary transfusion
    °ñ¼ö³»¼öÇ÷.
  • intravenous transfusion
    Á¤¸Æ³»¼ö¾×.
  • massive transfusion
    ´ë·®¼öÇ÷
  • nonimmunologic febrile transfusion reactions
    ºñ¸é¿ª¼º ¹ß¿­¼öÇ÷¹ÝÀÀ
  • nonimmunologic hemolytic transfusion reactions
    ºñ¸é¿ª¼º¿ëÇ÷¼öÇ÷¹ÝÀÀ
  • nonimmunologic nonhemolytic transfusion rections
    ºñ¸é¿ª¼ººñ¿ëÇ÷¼öÇ÷¹Ý ÀÀ
  • perfluorocarbon transfusion
    °úºÒȭź¼Ò¼öÇ÷
  • plasma component transfusion
    Ç÷À强ºÐ¼öÇ÷
  • platelet transfusion
    Ç÷¼ÒÆÇ¼öÇ÷
  • platelet transfusion
    Ç÷¼ÒÆÇ¼öÇ÷(¡­âÃúì).
  • post transfusion hepatitis
    ¼öÇ÷Èİ£¿°.
  • post transfusion purpura
    ¼öÇ÷ÈÄÀÚ¹ÝÁõ(âÃúìý­í¹Úèñø)
´ëÇÑÇØºÎÇÐȸ ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • Striated muscle cell
    °¡·Î¹«´Ì±ÙÀ°¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] Ⱦ¹®±Ù¼¼Æ÷
  • Sensory epithelial cell
    °¨°¢»óÇǼ¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] °¨°¢»óÇǼ¼Æ÷
  • Cortical endocrine cell
    °ÑÁú³»ºÐºñ¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ÇÇÁú³»ºÐºñ¼¼Æ÷
  • Nodal cell
    °áÀý¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] °áÀý¼¼Æ÷
  • Granule cell
    °ú¸³¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] °ú¸³¼¼Æ÷
  • Granular lutein cell
    °ú¸³ÃþȲ(»ö)ü¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] °ú¸³ÃþȲü¼¼Æ÷
  • Granulosa lutein cell
    °ú¸³ÃþȲ(»ö)ü¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] °ú¸³ÃþȲü¼¼Æ÷
  • Myoepithelial cell
    ±ÙÀ°»óÇǼ¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ±Ù»óÇǼ¼Æ÷
  • Myoid cell layer
    ±ÙÀ°¼¶À¯¸ð¼¼Æ÷Ãþ
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ±Ù¼¶À¯¾Æ¼¼Æ÷Ãþ
  • Satellite cell of skeletal muscle
    ±ÙÀ°À§¼º¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ±ÙÀ§¼º¼¼Æ÷
  • Sebaceous cell
    ±â¸§»ù¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ÇÇÁö¼¼Æ÷
  • Centroacinar cell
    ²Ê¸®Á߽ɼ¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ¼±Æ÷Á߽ɼ¼Æ÷
  • Thecal cell
    ³­Æ÷¸·¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ³­Æ÷¸·¼¼Æ÷
  • Theca lutein cell
    ³­Æ÷¸·È²(»ö)ü¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ³­Æ÷¸·È²Ã¼¼¼Æ÷
  • Follicular cell
    ³­Æ÷¼¼Æ÷
    [¿¾ ¿ë¾î] ³­Æ÷¼¼Æ÷
´ëÇÑ»ýÈ­ÇкÐÀÚ»ý¹°ÇÐȸ ¿ë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • cell fusion
    ¼¼Æ÷À¶ÇÕ(á¬øàë×ùê)
  • cell hybridization
    ¼¼Æ÷(á¬øà) Æ¢±âÇü¼º(û¡à÷)
  • cell line
    ¼¼Æ÷ÁÖ(á¬øàñ»)
  • cell-mediated immunity
    ¼¼Æ÷¸Å°³¸é¿ª(á¬øàØÚË¿Øóæ¹)
  • cell membrane
    ¼¼Æ÷¸· (á¬øàØ¯)
  • cell strain
    ¼¼Æ÷ÁÖ(á¬øàñ»)
  • cell wall
    ¼¼Æ÷º®(á¬øàÛú)
  • centrifuge cell
    ¿ø½ÉºÐ¸®½Ç(êÀãýÝÂ×îãø)
  • competent cell
    Àû°Ý¼¼Æ÷(îêÌ«á¬øà)
  • constitutive secretory cell
    ±¸¼º¼º ºÐºñ¼¼Æ÷(ϰà÷àõÝÂÝôá¬øà)
  • continuous cell line
    "Áö¼Ó¼¼Æ÷ÁÖ(ò¥áÙá¬øàñ»), (ÔÒ) established cell line"
  • COS cell
    COS ¼¼Æ÷(á¬øà)
  • cytotoxic T cell
    ¼¼Æ÷µ¶¼º(á¬øàÔ¸àõ) T ¼¼Æ÷(á¬øà)
  • double-sector cell
    ÀÌÁß±¸È¹½Ç(ì£ñìÏ¡üñãø)
  • effector cell
    È¿°ú±â ¼¼Æ÷(üùÍýÐïá¬øà)
KI ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • differentiated cell
    ºÐÈ­¼¼Æ÷
  • diffuse large cell lymphoma
    ¹Ì¸¸¼º Å«¼¼Æ÷ÀÓÆÄÁ¾
  • ependymal cell
    ³ú½Ç¸· ¼¼Æ÷, »óÀǼ¼Æ÷
  • fat cell
    Áö¹æ¼¼Æ÷
  • foam cell
    Æ÷¸» ¼¼Æ÷
  • follicular cell
    ¼ÒÆ÷¼¼Æ÷, ³­Æ÷¼¼Æ÷
  • germ cell
    »ý½Ä¼¼Æ÷, ¹è¼¼Æ÷
  • giant cell
    °Å¼¼Æ÷
  • giant cell tumor
    °Å¼¼Æ÷Á¾¾ç
  • goblet cell
    ¼úÀܼ¼Æ÷, ¹è³¶¼¼Æ÷
  • granular cell myoblastoma
    °ú¸³¼¼Æ÷±Ù¸ð¼¼Æ÷Á¾
  • granulosa cell
    °ú¸³¸·¼¼Æ÷
  • granulosa cell tumor
    °ú¸³¸·¼¼Æ÷Á¾¾ç
  • islet cell
    µµ¼¼Æ÷
  • islet cell adenoma
    Ãéµµ¼¼Æ÷¼±Á¾
KMLE ÀÇÇоà¾î »çÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 5 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
RBC red blood cell; red blood corpuscle; red blood count
ABT autologous blood transfusion
BTA Blood Transfusion Association
BTS blood transfusion service; blue toe syndrome; bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome
BTx blood transfusion
KMLE ÀÚµ¿ÃßÃâ ÀÇÇоà¾î »çÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 5 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
PTP Post transfusion purpura
PT-GVHD Post-transfusion graft-versus-host disease
PTH Post-transfusion hepatitis
TTV Transfusion Transmitted Virus
TA-GVHD Transfusion associated graft versus host disease
°æºÏ´ë Ä¡°ú´ëÇÐ ±¸°­³»°ú ±³½Ç »çÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
    ¼³¸í
  • white sponge
    ¹é»ö ÇØ¸é
  • white spot
    ¹é»ö ¹ÝÁ¡
  • white spot lesion
    ¹é»ö º´¼Ò
  • white substance
    ¹é»ö Áú
  • white wax
    ¹é³³
    Ȳ³³À» ÇÞºµ¿¡ ÂØ¿© ¸¸µç °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿Ü°üÀ» À§ÁÖ·Î ÇÒ ¶§ ¾²ÀδÙ. ¼ø¹é»öÀÌ µÇ¸é À̰ÍÀ» ³ì¿©¼­ ¹æÆÇ»ó ¶Ç´Â ¿øÆÇÇüÀ¸·Î ¸¸µç´Ù. Ä¡°ú¿¡¼­´Â base
  • Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
    ¿ùÇÁ-ÆÄŲ½¼-È­ÀÌÆ® ÁõÈıº
    ¹ßÀÛ¼º ½É¹Ú ±Þ¼ÓÁõ ȯÀÚÀÇ ½ÉÀüµµ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ½É±â´É Àå¾Ö.
  • clear cell basal cell carcinoma
    Åõ¸í ¼¼Æ÷ ±âÀú¼¼Æ÷¾Ï
  • ABO blood group system
    ABO Ç÷¾×Çü°è, ABO Ç÷¾×Çü °èÅë
    A, B´Â ¿ì¼º, O´Â ¿­¼ºÀ¸·Î¼­, A, B, AB, OÇüÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
  • arterial blood gas
    µ¿¸ÆÇ÷ °¡½º ºÐ¾Ð
  • arterial blood gas study
    µ¿¸ÆÇ÷ °³½º ºÐ¾Ð ÃøÁ¤
  • artificial blood vessel
    Àΰø Ç÷°ü
  • autoimmune blood dyscrasia
    ÀÚ°¡ ¸é¿ª¼º Ç÷¾× ÀÌ»ó
  • autologous blood recovery system
    ÀÚ°¡ Ç÷¾× ȸº¹ ÀåÄ¡
  • automated noninvasive blood pressure device
    ºñħ½ÀÀû ÀÚµ¿ Ç÷¾Ð±â
  • basal blood pressure
    ±âÀú Ç÷¾Ð
CancerWEB ¿µ¿µ ÀÇÇлçÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
fetomaternal transfusion <biology> Transplacental passage of foetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism.
(12 Dec 1998)
leukocyte transfusion The transfer of leukocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
(12 Dec 1998)
lymphocyte transfusion The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
(12 Dec 1998)
anterior white commissure A narrow band of white substance bordering on the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord in front of the anterior gray commissure, and consisting of nerve fibres crossing over from one half of the spinal cord to the other.
Synonym: commissura alba, anterior white commissure, commissura ventralis alba, ventral white column.
(05 Mar 2000)
blue white colour selection <molecular biology, procedure> Method for identifying bacterial clones containing plasmids with inserts. Many modern vectors have their polycloning site within a part of the LacZ gene encoding _ galactosidase, which provides _ complementation in an appropriate mutant E. Coli strain. This means that a re ligated (empty) vector will produce blue colonies when grown on plates containing IPTG and X gal, but colonies with a substantial insert in their plasmid's polycloning site are unable to produce functional _ galactosidase and so produce white colonies.
(16 Dec 1997)
Bouffardi's white mycetoma <dermatology> A form of mycetoma common in India and found occasionally in Somalia, caused by the organism Streptomyces somaliensis; in this variety, the muscles, tendons, and bones of the foot are destroyed by the disease process; numerous draining sinuses discharge yellowish grains, clustered like fish roe.
(05 Mar 2000)
Brumpt's white mycetoma Mycetoma caused by Pseudallescheria boydii, occurring in temperate and subtropical areas in India; small, white to yellow, hard to soft granules are discharged through the draining sinuses.
(05 Mar 2000)
ventral white column A narrow band of white substance bordering on the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord in front of the anterior gray commissure, and consisting of nerve fibres crossing over from one half of the spinal cord to the other.
Synonym: commissura alba, anterior white commissure, commissura ventralis alba, ventral white column.
(05 Mar 2000)
matter, white The part of the brain that contains myelinated nerve fibres. The white matter is white because it is the colour of myelin, the insulation covering the nerve fibres. The white matter is as opposed to the gray matter (the cortex of the brain which contains nerve cell bodies).
(12 Dec 1998)
May-White syndrome <syndrome> Progressive myoclonus epilepsy with lipomas, deafness, and ataxia; probably a familial form of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.
(05 Mar 2000)
Vincent's white mycetoma Mycetoma caused by Actinomadura madurae and occurring in North Africa, India, the Argentine, and Cuba.
(05 Mar 2000)
methylene white The reduced and colourless form of methylene blue.
Synonym: methylene white.
(05 Mar 2000)
water-white <botany> A vinelike plant (Vitis Caribaea) growing in parched districts in the West Indies, and containing a great amount of sap which is sometimes used for quenching thirst.
Source: Websters Dictionary
(01 Mar 1998)
white 1. Reflecting to the eye all the rays of the spectrum combined; not tinted with any of the proper colours or their mixtures; having the colour of pure snow; snowy; the opposite of black or dark; as, white paper; a white skin. "Pearls white." "White as the whitest lily on a stream." (Longfellow)
2. Destitute of colour, as in the cheeks, or of the tinge of blood colour; pale; pallid; as, white with fear. "Or whispering with white lips, "The foe! They come! they come!"" (Byron)
3. Having the colour of purity; free from spot or blemish, or from guilt or pollution; innocent; pure. " White as thy fame, and as thy honor clear." (Dryden) "No whiter page than Addison's remains." (Pope)
4. Gray, as from age; having silvery hair; hoary. "Your high engendered battles 'gainst a head So old and white as this." (Shak)
5. Characterised by freedom from that which disturbs, and the like; fortunate; happy; favorable. "On the whole, however, the dominie reckoned this as one of the white days of his life." (Sir W. Scott)
6. Regarded with especial favor; favorite; darling. "Come forth, my white spouse." (Chaucer) "I am his white boy, and will not be gullet." (Ford)
White is used in many self-explaining compounds, as white-backed, white-bearded, white-footed. White alder.
A void space of the breadth of a line, on a printed page; a blank line. White meat. Any light-coloured flesh, especially of poultry. Food made from milk or eggs, as butter, cheese, etc. "Driving their cattle continually with them, and feeding only upon their milk and white meats." (Spenser) White merganser, the smew; so called from the white crest and the band of black feathers on the back of its head, which give the appearance of a hood. White oak.
<botany> The opium-yielding poppy. See Poppy. White powder, a kind of gunpowder formerly believed to exist, and to have the power of exploding without noise. "A pistol charged with white powder." (Beau. & Fl) White precipitate.
The willow warbler; so called from the colour of the under parts.
Origin: OE. Whit, AS. Hwt; akin to OFries. And OS. Hwit, D. Wit, G. Weiss, OHG. Wiz, hwiz, Icel. Hvitr, Sw. Hvit, Dan. Hvid, Goth. Hweits, Lith. Szveisti, to make bright, Russ. Sviet' light, Skr. Vta white, vit to be bright. Cf. Wheat, Whitsunday.
1. The colour of pure snow; one of the natural colours of bodies, yet not strictly a colour, but a composition of all colours; the opposite of black; whiteness. See the Note under Colour. "Finely attired in a of white." (Shak)
2. Something having the colour of snow; something white, or nearly so; as, the white of the eye.
3. Specifically, the central part of the butt in archery, which was formerly painted white; the center of a mark at which a missile is shot. "'T was I won the wager, though you hit the white." (Shak)
4. A person with a white skin; a member of the white, or Caucasian, races of men.
5. A white pigment; as, Venice white.
6. <zoology> Any one of numerous species of butterflies belonging to Pieris, and allied genera in which the colour is usually white. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage. Black and white. See Black. Flake white, Paris white, etc. See Flack, Paris, etc.
<botany> White of a seed, the white part of the ball of the eye surrounding the transparent cornea.
Source: Websters Dictionary
(01 Mar 1998)
white arsenic As2O3;dissolves in water to give arsenous acid, H3AsO3; used in the treatment of skin diseases and malaria, and as a tonic; also used externally as a caustic.
Synonym: arsenous oxide, white arsenic.
(05 Mar 2000)
ÇÑ¿µ/¿µÇÑ »çÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • cell sorter
    ¼¼Æ÷ ºÐº°±â
  • cell therapy
    ¼¼Æ÷¿ä¹ý(¾çÀÇ °«³­»õ³¢ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÁÖÀÔÇϴ ȸÃá¹ý ('
  • cell wall
    ¼¼Æ÷º®
  • cell-mediated immunity
    ¼¼Æ÷(¸Å°³)¼º ¸é¿ª(¼¼Æ÷¸·¿¡ ºÎÂøÇÏ´Â Ç×üÀÇ Á߻꿡 ÀÇÇÑ
  • closed-cell
    µ¶¸³±âÆ÷ÀÇ;¹ÐÆó±âÆ÷ÀÇ(¼ÒÀç´Â ÇÃ¶ó½ºÆ½µî)
  • complementary cell
    º¸Á· ¼¼Æ÷
  • condemned cell (ward)
    »çÇü¼ö °¨¹æ
  • corticopontine cell
    ÇÇÁú±³¼¼Æ÷(´ë³ú ÇÇÁú¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ½Ã°¢ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ³ú±³¿¡ º¸³¿)
  • death cell
    »çÇü¼ö °¨¹æ(µ¶¹æ)
  • dry cell
    °ÇÀüÁö
  • egg cell
    ³­¼¼Æ÷;³­ÀÚ
  • fuel cell
    ¿¬·áÀüÁö
  • gangion cell
    ½Å°æÀý ¼¼Æ÷
  • gas cell
    ºñÇ༱ÀÇ °¡½º³¶ÀÇ ÇÑ ±¸È¹;°¡½ºÀüÁö
  • germ cell
    »ý½Ä ¼¼Æ÷
ÀÌ ¾Æ·¡ ºÎÅÍ´Â °á°ú°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù.
KMLE ¾àǰ/ÀǾàǰ ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • Á¦Ç°¸í
    ¼ººÐ/ÇÔ·®
    ±¸ºÐ/º¸Çè±Þ¿©
KMLE ¾àǰ/ÀǾàǰ À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • Á¦Ç°¸í
    ¼ººÐ/ÇÔ·®
    ±¸ºÐ/º¸Çè±Þ¿©
¾Ë±â½¬¿î ÀÇÇпë¾îÇ®ÀÌÁý, ¼­¿ïÀÇ´ë ±³¼ö ÁöÁ¦±Ù, °í·ÁÀÇÇÐ ÃâÆÇ ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
´ëÇÑÀÇÇù ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
´ëÇÑÀÇÇù Çʼö ÀÇÇпë¾îÁý »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù 2 ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù 3 ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
´ëÇÑÇØºÎÇÐȸ ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
´ëÇѽŰæ¿Ü°úÇÐȸ ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
    ÇÑÀÚ
´ëÇѽŰæ¿Ü°úÇÐȸ ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
    ÇÑÀÚ
´ëÇѱâ»ýÃæÇÐȸ ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
´ëÇѱâ»ýÃæÇÐȸ ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
´ëÇÑ»ýÈ­ÇкÐÀÚ»ý¹°ÇÐȸ ¿ë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
KI ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
KMLE ÀÇÇоà¾î »çÀü ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
KMLE ÀÚµ¿ÃßÃâ ÀÇÇоà¾î »çÀü ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
ÀÇÇÐ³í¹® ¾àÀÚ(Pubmed/Entrez) °Ë»ö ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
Çѱ¹Ç¥ÁØÁúº´»çÀκзù ¾àÀÚ ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ÄÚµå
    ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
Çѱ¹Ç¥ÁØÁúº´»çÀκзù ¾àÀÚ À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ÄÚµå
    ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
°æºÏ´ë Ä¡°ú´ëÇÐ ±¸°­³»°ú ±³½Ç »çÀü ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
    ¼³¸í
CancerWEB ¿µ¿µ ÀÇÇлçÀü ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
MeSH(Medical Subject Headings) ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö (http://www.nlm.nih.gov) °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
MeSH(Medical Subject Headings) À¯»ç °Ë»ö (http://www.nlm.nih.gov) °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - Merriam-Webster's ÀÇÇлçÀü ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö (https://www.merriam-webster.com) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - Merriam-Webster's ÀÇÇлçÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö (https://www.merriam-webster.com) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö (http://www.nlm.nih.gov) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia À¯»ç °Ë»ö (http://www.nlm.nih.gov) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - MedlinePlus Health Topics ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö (http://www.nlm.nih.gov) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - MedlinePlus Health Topics À¯»ç °Ë»ö (http://www.nlm.nih.gov) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - µå·¯±×ÀÎÆ÷ ¾àÇÐ Á¤º¸ ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö (http://www.druginfo.co.kr) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
Á¦Ç°¸í
ÆÇ¸Å»ç
º¸ÇèÄÚµå ¼ººÐ/ÇÔ·®
±¸ºÐ/º¸Çè±Þ¿©
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - µå·¯±×ÀÎÆ÷ ¾àÇÐ Á¤º¸ À¯»ç °Ë»ö (http://www.druginfo.co.kr) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
Á¦Ç°¸í
ÆÇ¸Å»ç
º¸ÇèÄÚµå ¼ººÐ/ÇÔ·®
±¸ºÐ/º¸Çè±Þ¿©
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - WebMD.com Drug Reference ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö (http://www.webmd.com) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - WebMD.com Drug Reference À¯»ç °Ë»ö (http://www.webmd.com) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - Drug.com Drugs by Medical Condition ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö (http://www.drugs.com) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - Drug.com Drugs by Medical Condition À¯»ç °Ë»ö (http://www.drugs.com) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
KMLE À¥ ¿ë¾î ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
KMLE À¥ ¿ë¾î À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
ÇÑ¿µ/¿µÇÑ »çÀü ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
WordNet ÀÏ¹Ý ¿µ¿µ »çÀü °Ë»ö °á°ú : 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - American Heritage Dictionary ¿µ¿µ»çÀü ¸ÂÃã °Ë»ö (https://www.ahdictionary.com) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
¿ÜºÎ ¸µÅ© - American Heritage Dictionary ¿µ¿µ»çÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö (https://www.ahdictionary.com) °á°ú: 0 ÆäÀÌÁö: 4
ÅëÇÕ°Ë»ö ¿Ï·á