| MCL | maximum containment laboratory; medial collateral ligament; midclavicular line; midcostal line; mini... |
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| OPLL | ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament |
| PCL | pacing cycle length; persistent corpus luteum; plasma cell leukemia; posterior chamber lens; posteri... |
| PDL | pancreatic duct ligation; periodontal ligament; poorly differentiated lymphocyte; population doublin... |
| PLL | peripheral light loss; phase-locked loop; poly-L-lysine; pressure length loop; posterior longitudina... |
| bladder cancer | The most common warning sign of bladder cancer is blood in the urine. The diagnosis of bladder cancer is supported by findings in the medical history and examination, blood, urine, and X-ray tests, and confirmed with a biopsy (usually during a cystoscope exam). Treatment of bladder cancer depends on the growth, size, and location of the tumour. (12 Dec 1998) |
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| bladder cancer risks | Smoking is a major risk factor. Cigarette smokers develop bladder cancer 2-3 times more often than do nonsmokers. Quitting smoking reduces the risk of bladder cancer, lung cancer, several other types of cancer, and a number of other diseases as well. Workers in some occupations are at higher risk of developing bladder cancer because of exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) in the workplace. These workers include people in the rubber, chemical, and leather industries, as well as hairstylists, machinists, metal workers, printers, painters, textile workers, and truck drivers. (12 Dec 1998) |
| bladder compliance | Relationship of volume to pressure; can be calculated from a cytometrogram's pressure volume curve. Synonym: compliance of bladder. (05 Mar 2000) |
| bladder exstrophy | Congenital eversion of the urinary bladder. It is characterised by the absence of a portion of the lower abdominal wall and the anterior vesical wall, with eversion of the posterior vesical wall through the deficit. (12 Dec 1998) |
| bladder fistula | An abnormal passage in the bladder or between the bladder and another organ. (12 Dec 1998) |
| bladder infection | Some people are at more risk for bladder and other urinary tract infections (UTIs) than others. One woman in five develops a UTI during her lifetime. Not everyone with a UTI has symptoms. Common symptoms include a frequent urge to urinate and a painful, burning when urinating. Underlying conditions that impair the normal urinary flow can lead to more complicated UTIs. (12 Dec 1998) |
| bladder inflammation | Also referred to as cystitis. Cystitis most commonly occurs because of bacterial infection. Another form of bladder inflammation, interstitial cystitis (IC) involves inflammation or irritation of the bladder wall. This can lead to scarring and stiffening of the bladder, and even ulcerations and bleeding. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, findings on cystoscopy and biopsy, and eliminating other treatable causes such as infection. Because doctors do not know what causes IC, treatments are aimed at relieving symptoms. Most people are helped for variable periods of time by one or a combination of treatments. (12 Dec 1998) |
| bladder neoplasms | Cancers or tumours of the bladder. The majority of bladder neoplasms are of the transitional cell variety and are usually papillary and multicentric. (12 Dec 1998) |
| bladder, neurogenic | Any condition of dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by a lesion of the central or peripheral nervous system. (12 Dec 1998) |
| bladder outlet obstruction | Any condition that results in the failure of urine to pass from the bladder and out the urethra. One of the most common causes of this in males is benign prostate enlargement. (27 Sep 1997) |
| bladder pain | Among the symptoms of bladder infection are feelings of pain, pressure and tenderness around the bladder, pelvis, and perineum (the area between the anus and vagina or anus and scrotum), which may increase as the bladder fills and decrease as it empties; decreased bladder capacity; an urgent need to urinate; painful sexual intercourse; and, in men, discomfort or pain in the penis and scrotum. (12 Dec 1998) |
| bladder polyp | A pedunculated tumour that arises from the mucosal surface of the bladder. most are benign, but some may become malignant. (27 Sep 1997) |
| bladder reflex | Contraction of the walls of the bladder and relaxation of the trigone and urethral sphincter in response to a rise in pressure within the bladder; the reflex can be voluntarily inhibited and the inhibition readily abolished to control micturition. Synonym: bladder reflex, urinary reflex, vesical reflex. (05 Mar 2000) |
| bladder rhabdomyosarcoma | <radiology> Usually arises at trigone, causes outlet obstruction leading to big bladder, Differential diagnosis: haemorrhagic cystitis (small bladder, filling defects) see: rhabdomyosarcoma (12 Dec 1998) |
| bladder schistosomiasis | Infection with Schistosoma haematobium, the eggs of which invade the urinary tract, causing cystitis and haematuria, and possibly an increased likelihood of bladder cancer. Synonym: bladder schistosomiasis, Egyptian haematuria, endemic haematuria, urinary schistosomiasis. (05 Mar 2000) |