| MG | Marcus Gunn [pupil]; margin; medial gastrocnemius [muscle]; membranous glomerulonephritis; menopausa... |
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| MS | Maffuci syndrome; maladjustment score; mandibular series; Marfan syndrome; Marie-Strumpell [syndrome... |
| PM | after death (Lat. post mortem); after noon [Lat. post meridiem]; mean pressure; pacemaker; pantomogr... |
| ALD | Adreno-Leuko-Dystrophy |
| APECED | Autoimmune Poly-Endocrinopathy Candidiasis Ectodermal Dystrophy |
| pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy | The most common childhood muscular dystrophy, with onset usually before age 6. Characterised by symmetrical weakness and wasting of first the pelvic and crural muscles and then the pectoral and proximal upper extremity muscles; pseudohypertrophy of some muscles, especially the calf; heart involvement; sometimes mild mental retardation; progressive course and early death, usually in adolescence. X-linked inheritance (affects males and transmitted by females). Synonym: childhood muscular dystrophy, Duchenne's disease, pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy. (05 Mar 2000) |
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| hypertrophic dystrophy | Increase in the number of cells in a squamous epithelium. Synonym: hypertrophic dystrophy. (05 Mar 2000) |
| neuroaxonal dystrophy | A rare disorder that begins in the second year of life and is relentlessly progressive; clinically characterised initially by walking difficulties, weakness, and areflexia, later followed by corticospinal and pseudobulbar findings, blindness, loss of pain appreciation, and mental deterioration; pathologically, eosinophilic spheroids of swollen axoplasm are found in various central nuclei; autosomal recessive inheritance. (05 Mar 2000) |
| sympathetic reflex dystrophy | A syndrome of pain and tenderness, usually to a hand or foot, associated with vasomotor instability, skin changes and rapid development of bony demineralisation (osteoporosis). Frequently will follow a localised trauma, stroke or peripheral nerve injury. (27 Sep 1997) |
| syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy | A condition that features a group of typical symptoms, including pain (often burning type), tenderness, and swelling of an extremity associated with varying degrees of sweating, warmth and/or coolness, flushing, discoloration, and shiny skin. (12 Dec 1998) |
| Duchenne dystrophy | The most common childhood muscular dystrophy, with onset usually before age 6. Characterised by symmetrical weakness and wasting of first the pelvic and crural muscles and then the pectoral and proximal upper extremity muscles; pseudohypertrophy of some muscles, especially the calf; heart involvement; sometimes mild mental retardation; progressive course and early death, usually in adolescence. X-linked inheritance (affects males and transmitted by females). Synonym: childhood muscular dystrophy, Duchenne's disease, pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy. (05 Mar 2000) |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | A specific form of muscular dystrophy that is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait and thus confined to young males and to females with Turner's syndrome. One third of all cases are estimated to be new mutational events. See: dystrophin. It is characterised by degeneration and necrosis of skeletal muscle fibres, that are replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. Symptoms include muscle weakness and in some forms, the appearance of muscle enlargement (pseudo-hypertrophy). Advanced cases can include weakness of the respiratory muscles (compromising breathing) and cardiomyopathy. Inheritance: sex-linked recessive. Incidence: 1 in 4000 male births. (11 Nov 1997) |
| dystrophy | <pathology> Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. Origin: L. Dystrophia, Gr. Trephein = to nourish (18 Nov 1997) |
| dystrophy, myotonic | Inherited disease with myotonia (irritability and prolonged contraction of muscles), mask-like face, premature balding, cataracts, and cardiac disease. Due to a trinucleotide repeat (a stuttering sequence of three bases) in the DNA. (12 Dec 1998) |
| infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy | <neurology, paediatrics> A rare, familial disorder of early childhood manifested as progressive psychomotor deterioration, increased reflexes, Babinski sign, hypotonia and progressive blindness. Pathologically, eosinophilic spheroids of swollen axoplasm are found in various central nervous system nuclei. (05 Mar 2000) |
| oculopharyngeal dystrophy | A dominantly inherited form of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia usually presenting in middle life or old age with chronic ptosis and/or difficulty swallowing. Many sufferers have French-Canadian ancestry. (05 Mar 2000) |
| thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal dystrophy | Hereditary hypoplasia of the thorax, associated with pelvic skeletal abnormality. Synonym: asphyxiating thoracic chondrodystrophy, Jeune's syndrome, thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal dystrophy. (05 Mar 2000) |
| Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy | A generally benign type of muscular dystrophy, with onset in childhood or early adulthood. Weakness begins with the pectoral girdle and proximal upper extremity muscles and spreads to the pelvic girdle and distal lower extremity muscles. Contractures of the elbow, flexors, neck flexors, and calf muscles often occur; muscle pseudohypertrophy and mental retardation do not occur. A cardiomyopathy is common. An X-linked inherited disorder, nonallelic to Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. (05 Mar 2000) |
| endothelial dystrophy of cornea | Spontaneous loss of corneal endothelium leading to oedema of the corneal stroma and epithelium. (05 Mar 2000) |
| epithelial dystrophy | Corneal dystrophy affecting primarily the epithelium and its basement membrane. See: juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy. (05 Mar 2000) |