| 영문 | gene therapy | 한글 | 유전자요법 |
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| 설명 | 유전병을 치료할 목적으로, 정상적으로 기능하는 단일유전자 혹은 복수유전자를 어떤 기원에서 얻어내어 생세포에 도입하는 것. 유전물질은 유전자삽입 조작에 의해 수용세포에로 도입된다. 즉, 유전자를 끼워 넣은 새로운 세포를 사용하는 치료로서 1980년 미국의 학자가 지중해빈혈환자에게 강행하여 비판을 받았지만, 미국 국립보건연구소는 1990년 9월 아데노신 데아미나아제(adenosine deaminase, ADA) 결핍증 환자의 림프구에 ADA 유전자를 끼워 넣는 치료를 시작한 이래 현재는 암을 포함한 많은 질병들을 치료하는 목적으로 쓰인다. |
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| 영문 | Electric convulsive therapy(ECT) | 한글 | 전기경련요법 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 뇌에 전기 자극을 주어 인위적으로 경련을 유발함으로써 정신 병을 치료하는 방법. 전기쇼크요법(electroshock therapy)이라고도 한다. 1938년에 이탈리아의 체를레티와 비니에 의해 시작되었다. 작용기전은 확실치 않으나 뇌의 신진대사, 생화학 및 효소 등에 변화를 일으킨다는 생물학적, 생화학적 학설이 유력하다. 적응증으로 가장 효과적인 병은 우울증으로 특히 여성에서 갱년기에 호발하는 갱년기 우울증, 우울증과 조증(아주 기분이 좋은 상태가 지속되는 정신병)이 일정한 주기를 두고 반복하는 조울증에 잘 쓰이며, 80~90%에서 효과가 있다. |
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| PaO2 | partial oxygen tension in arterial blood; partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood |
|---|---|
| QO2 | oxygen quotient; oxygen utilization |
| HBOT | hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
| HOT | health-oriented telecommunication; human old tuberculin; hyperbaric oxygen therapy; Hypertension Opt... |
| LTOT | long-term oxygen therapy |
| hyperbaric oxygen | High pressure oxygen, oxygen at a pressure greater than 1 atmosphere. See: hyperbaric oxygenation. Singlet oxygen, an excited or higher energy form of oxygen characterised by the spin of a pair of electrons in opposite directions, whereas electron spin is unidirectional in normal molecular oxygen Because of its great reactivity, singlet oxygen is a probable intermediate in most photo-oxidation reactions. Although it exists for no more than 0.1 sec, it may react with atmospheric pollutants to foster smog formation and may have harmful biological effects. Triplet oxygen, the normal unexcited state of O2 in the atmosphere, in which the unpaired pair of electrons are so displaced that their magnetic fields are oriented in the same direction, resulting in paramagnetism; each of the heat-generated spectral lines of such oxygen can be split by a magnetic field into a triplet. Compare: singlet oxygen. (05 Mar 2000) |
|---|---|
| singlet oxygen | An energised but uncharged form of oxygen that is produced in the metabolic burst of leucocytes and that can be toxic to cells. (18 Nov 1997) |
| dissolved oxygen | <biochemistry> The concentration of oxygen dissolved in water, expressed in mg/l or as percent saturation, where saturation is the maximum amount of oxygen that can theoretically be dissolved in water at a given altitude and temperature. (11 Jan 1998) |
| oxygen | 1. <chemistry> A colourless, tasteless, odorless, gaseous element occurring in the free state in the atmosphere, of which it forms about 23 per cent by weight and about 21 per cent by volume, being slightly heavier than nitrogen. Symbol O. Atomic weight 15.96. It occurs combined in immense quantities, forming eight ninths by weight of water, and probably one half by weight of the entire solid crust of the globe, being an ingredient of silica, the silicates, sulphates, carbonates, nitrates, etc. Oxygen combines with all elements (except fluorine), forming oxides, bases, oxyacid anhydrides, etc, the process in general being called oxidation, of which combustion is only an intense modification. at ordinary temperatures with most substances it is moderately active, but at higher temperatures it is one of the most violent and powerful chemical agents known. It is indispensable in respiration, and in general is the most universally active and efficient element. It may be prepared in the pure state by heating potassium chlorate. This element (called dephlogisticated air by Priestley) was named oxygen by Lavoisier because he supposed it to be a constituent of all acids. This is not so in the case of a very few acids (as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydric sulphide, etc), but these do contain elements analogous to oxygen in property and action. Moreover, the fact that most elements approach the nearer to acid qualities in proportion as they are combined with more oxygen, shows the great accuracy and breadth of Lavoisier's conception of its nature. Pharmacologic action: Increases the supply of oxygen to ischemic tissues. It is the most effective agent in emergency cardiac care. Uses: Always administer oxygen during emergency cardiac care. Dose: Nasal cannula with oxygen flow of 4 liters per minute provides FiO2 of about 30%. Nasal cannula with oxygen flow of 6-8 liters per minute provides FiO2 of 35-40%. Venturi mask can provide higher and more precise oxygen concentrations. Potential complications: Ensure that oxygen is being delivered. Carefully check all connections. Oxygen toxicity develops only after several days of exposure to high FiO2. Increased FiO2 may cause hypoventilation in COPD patients dependent on hypoxic ventilatory drive. This is very rare and simply requires starting at lower FiO2, careful observation, and assisted ventilation if necessary. Origin: F. Oxygene, from Gr. Sharp, acid + root of to be born. So called because originally supposed to be an essential part of every acid. (17 Mar 2000) |
| oxygen-15 | A cyclotron-produced, positron-emitting radioisotope of oxygen with a half-life of 122.2 seconds; used in studies of respiratory function and in positron emission tomography. (05 Mar 2000) |
| oxygen-16 | The common oxygen isotope, making up 99.76% of natural oxygen. (05 Mar 2000) |
| oxygen-17 | The rarest of the stable oxygen isotopes, making up 0.04% of natural oxygen. (05 Mar 2000) |
| oxygen-18 | A stable oxygen isotope making up 0.20% of natural oxygen; used in mass spectrometry and in NMR studies of tissue. Synonym: heavy oxygen. (05 Mar 2000) |
| oxygen affinity anoxia | Anoxia due to inability of haemoglobin to release oxygen. (05 Mar 2000) |
| oxygen affinity hypoxia | Hypoxia due to reduced ability of haemoglobin to release oxygen. (05 Mar 2000) |
| oxygen capacity | The maximum quantity of oxygen that will combine chemically with the haemoglobin in a unit volume of blood; normally it amounts to 1.34 ml of O2 per gm of Hb or 20 ml of O2 per 100 ml of blood. (05 Mar 2000) |
| oxygen compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain oxygen as an integral part of the molecule. (12 Dec 1998) |
| oxygen consumption | The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen stpd used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (12 Dec 1998) |
| oxygen debt | The extra oxygen (compared with its usual oxygen intake at rest) an organismconsumes after a period of strenouousphysical activity. (09 Oct 1997) |
| oxygen deficit | The difference between oxygen uptake of the body during early stages of exercise and during a similar duration in a steady state of exercise; sometimes considered as the formation of the oxygen debt. (05 Mar 2000) |