| 영문 | hearing test | 한글 | 청력검사 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 귀가 들리는 정도를 측정하는 검사. 청각검사라고도 한다. 소리나 목소리가 잘 들리는지의 여부 등 청각의 예민한 정도를 측정하는 일이다. 검사에는 청력계나 소리굽쇠 등의 기구에 의해서 얻는 음원, 즉 순음을 사용하며, 사람의 목소리나 시계소리 등도 음원으로 사용된다. 또 음파가 전파되는 매질에 따라 기도 청력검사와 골도 청력검사로 구별되기도 한다. 검사의 내용으로는 청각의 상하음계나 최소 가청문턱값의 검사를 비롯하여, 충분히 들리는 소리를 사용하여 그것이 들리는 상태를 조사하는 문턱값검사(소리의 크기와 상태의 검사, 세기의 판별역검사 등) 외에 음향자극의 반응으로부터 타각적으로 조사하는 방법도 있으며, 이것은 주로 갓난아기나 정신병환자에 대하여 사용된다. 주로 청력계가 사용되고, 청력은 데시벨(dB)로 표시된다. 정상인은 0dB이고, 난청자일수록 그 수가 커지며, 60dB이상은 상당히 난청이고, 80dB 이상이면 귀머거리이다. |
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| 영문 | Coombs test | 한글 | 크움즈검사 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 적혈구에 대한 항체를 검사하는 방법. 항체란 특정한 물질에 부착되어 그 물질의 작용을 억제하고, 또는 그 물질을 파괴하는 것으로 B-림프구라는 면역을 담당하는 세포에 의해서 만들어진다. 이 크움즈검사에는 직접크움즈검사와 간접크움즈검사의 두 가지가 있는데 직접 크움즈검사는 몸속의 적혈구에 직접 부착되어 있는 항체를 검사하는 방법이다. 채취한 혈액을 적혈구를 얻어서 사람의 항체에 대한 항체(사람의 항체에 특정하게 부착이 되는 항체)를 반응시키면, 만약 적혈구에 대한 항체가 부착되어 있는 적혈구라면 사람의 항체에 대한 항체가, 작용하여 침강 반응이 일어나게 되고 항체가 부착되어 있지 않는 적혈구이면 반응이 일어나지 않는 것을 이용한다. 간접크움즈검사는 혈장속에 존재하는 적혈구와 부착되어 있지 않은 항체를 찾아내는 시험으로 혈장을 채취해서 다른 사람의 적혈구와 반응을 시키고 역시 항체에 대한 항체를 반응시켜 침강반응을 관찰해서 그 항체를 찾아내는 방법이다. |
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| 영문 | tuberculin test | 한글 | 튜베르쿨린검사 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 많은 서로 다른 형태의 튜베르쿨린과 다양한 투여방법에 의한 모든 종류의 결핵 피부검사법. 현재 표준 시험법으로 되어있는 가장 신빙성있는 검사로는 PPD를 피내주사하는 방법망토우 검사이다. 피내주사후 48~72시간 후에 주사부위에 직경 10mm이상으로 보이며, 만져지는 홍반과 경화가 나타나면 양성이다. 성인에게는 일반적으로 중간 강도의 튜베르쿨린(5Tu)을 사용하며, 양성반응이 나타나면 결핵균에 이전에 감염되었거나 현재 감염되어 있다는 확정적 진단이 된다. 음성반응은 결핵이 없거나, 심한 결핵감염에 의한 피부알레르기가 있을 경우, 또는 면역억제를 나타내는 병, 예를 들면 호지킨병이나 사르코이드증 등이 합병된 경우이다. |
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| 영문 | Papanicolaou smear(test) | 한글 | 파파니콜로 도말검사 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 줄여서 팝도말검사(Pap smear)이라고 부른다. 여성의 자궁목암의 발생을 미리 알아보기 위해 시행하는 검사법으로 미국에서는 이 방법으로 현재 자궁목암발생에 의한 사망률을 현저히 낮추고 있다. 방법은 산부인과에서 시행하며, 여성의 자궁목에서 세포를 가져다가 도말하여 현미경으로 검사한다. 요즈음에 와서는 자궁목뿐 아니라 호흡기나 비뇨기 등 분비물을 도말하여 파파니콜로 염색을 하여 검사하는 것도 여기에 포함된다. (그림 P-3). |
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| 영문 | glucose tolerance test | 한글 | 포도당견딤검사 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 포도당견딤 검사란 당뇨병의 진단에 사용되는 검사로 당을 체내에 투여하고 시간 별로 혈액을 채취하여 혈당의 농도를 재어서 고혈당 여부를 조사하는 검사이다. 주로 경구포도당견딤검사(oral glucose tolerance test)를 많이 하는데 이것은 10~16시간의 금식 후에 채혈을 한번 한뒤에 도당 75g을 250~300mL의 물에 녹여 5분에 걸쳐서 마시게 하고 매시간 별로 채혈을 하여 혈당의 농도를 첵크한다. 공복시에 정맥에서 채혈하여 측정한 혈당이 140mg/dL이상이거나 포도당견딤 검사 2시간후의 혈당이 200mg/dL이상일 경우에는 당뇨병으로 진단을 한다. 그러나 이 검사를 실시할 경우에 주의해야 할 점은 검사전 3일간 하루에 150g이상의 탄수화물을 섭취해야 한다는 것과 검사도중에 운동, 흡연 등을 하지 않아야 한다는 것이다. |
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| IHT | insulin hypoglycemia test; intravenous histamine test; ipsilateral head turning |
|---|---|
| Bz-Ty-PABA test | N-Benzoyl-L-Tyrosyl-p-Amino-Benzoic Acid test = Bentiromide test = Tr... |
| DAT | delayed-action tablet; dementia Alzheimer's type; dental aptitude test; diacetylthiamine; diet as to... |
| IT | immunological test; immunotherapy; implantation test; individual therapy; information technology; in... |
| LFT | latex fixation test; latex flocculation test; left fronto-transverse [fetal position]; liver functio... |
pin-head pigmentation spot
| crown of head | The topmost part of the head. Synonym: crown of head. (05 Mar 2000) |
|---|---|
| head | 1. To be at the head of; to put one's self at the head of; to lead; to direct; to act as leader to; as, to head an army, an expedition, or a riot. 2. To form a head to; to fit or furnish with a head; as, to head a nail. 3. To behead; to decapitate. 4. To cut off the top of; to lop off; as, to head trees. 5. To go in front of; to get in the front of, so as to hinder or stop; to oppose; hence, to check or restrain; as, to head a drove of cattle; to head a person; the wind heads a ship. 6. To set on the head; as, to head a cask. To head off, to intercept; to get before; as, an officer heads off a thief who is escaping. To head up, to close, as a cask or barrel, by fitting a head to. Origin: Headed; Heading. 1. The anterior or superior part of an animal, containing the brain, or chief ganglia of the nervous system, the mouth, and in the higher animals, the chief sensory organs; poll; cephalon. 2. The uppermost, foremost, or most important part of an inanimate object; such a part as may be considered to resemble the head of an animal; often, also, the larger, thicker, or heavier part or extremity, in distinction from the smaller or thinner part, or from the point or edge; as, the head of a cane, a nail, a spear, an ax, a mast, a sail, a ship; that which covers and closes the top or the end of a hollow vessel; as, the head of a cask or a steam boiler. 3. The place where the head should go; as, the head of a bed, of a grave, etc.; the head of a carriage, that is, the hood which covers the head. 4. The most prominent or important member of any organised body; the chief; the leader; as, the head of a college, a school, a church, a state, and the like. "Their princes and heads." "The heads of the chief sects of philosophy." (Tillotson) "Your head I him appoint." (Milton) 5. The place or honor, or of command; the most important or foremost position; the front; as, the head of the table; the head of a column of soldiers. "An army of fourscore thousand troops, with the duke Marlborough at the head of them." (Addison) 6. Each one among many; an individual; often used in a plural sense; as, a thousand head of cattle. "It there be six millions of people, there are about four acres for every head." (Graunt) 7. The seat of the intellect; the brain; the understanding; the mental faculties; as, a good head, that is, a good mind; it never entered his head, it did not occur to him; of his own head, of his own thought or will. "Men who had lost both head and heart." (Macaulay) 8. The source, fountain, spring, or beginning, as of a stream or river; as, the head of the Nile; hence, the altitude of the source, or the height of the surface, as of water, above a given place, as above an orifice at which it issues, and the pressure resulting from the height or from motion; sometimes also, the quantity in reserve; as, a mill or reservoir has a good head of water, or ten feet head; also, that part of a gulf or bay most remote from the outlet or the sea. 9. A headland; a promontory; as, Gay Head. 10. A separate part, or topic, of a discourse; a theme to be expanded; a subdivision; as, the heads of a sermon. 11. Culminating point or crisis; hence, strength; force; height. "Ere foul sin, gathering head, shall break into corruption." (Shak) "The indisposition which has long hung upon me, is at last grown to such a head, that it must quickly make an end of me or of itself." (Addison) 12. Power; armed force. "My lord, my lord, the French have gathered head." (Shak) 13. A headdress; a covering of the head; as, a laced head; a head of hair. 14. An ear of wheat, barley, or of one of the other small cereals. 15. <botany> A dense cluster of flowers, as in clover, daisies, thistles; a capitulum. A dense, compact mass of leaves, as in a cabbage or a lettuce plant. 16. The antlers of a deer. 17. A rounded mass of foam which rises on a pot of beer or other effervescing liquor. 18. Tiles laid at the eaves of a house. Head is often used adjectively or in self-explaining combinations; as, head gear or headgear, head rest. Cf. Head, A buck of the first head, a male fallow deer in its fifth year, when it attains its complete set of antlers. By the head. <anatomy> The most anterior of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in most vertebrates the pronephors. Head money, a capitation tax; a poll tax. Head pence, a poll tax. Head sea, a sea that meets the head of a vessel or rolls against her course. Head and shoulders. By force; violently; as, to drag one, head and shoulders. "They bring in every figure of speech, head and shoulders." . By the height of the head and shoulders; hence, by a great degree or space; by far; much; as, he is head and shoulders above them. Head or tail, this side or that side; this thing or that; a phrase used in throwing a coin to decide a choice, guestion, or stake, head being the side of the coin bearing the effigy or principal figure (or, in case there is no head or face on either side, that side which has the date on it), and tail the other side. Neither head nor tail, neither beginning nor end; neither this thing nor that; nothing distinct or definite; a phrase used in speaking of what is indefinite or confused; as, they made neither head nor tail of the matter. Head wind, a wind that blows in a direction opposite the vessel's course. Out one's own head, according to one's own idea; without advice or cooperation of another. Over the head of, beyond the comprehension of. To be out of one's head, to be temporarily insane. To come or draw to a head. See Come, Draw. To give (one) the head, or To give head, to let go, or to give up, control; to free from restraint; to give license. "He gave his able horse the head." . "He has so long given his unruly passions their head." . To his head, before his face. "An uncivil answer from a son to a father, from an obliged person to a benefactor, is a greater indecency than if an enemy should storm his house or revile him to his head." . To lay heads together, to consult; to conspire. To lose one's head, to lose presence of mind. To make head, or To make head against, to resist with success; to advance. To show one's head, to appear. To turn head, to turn the face or front. "The ravishers turn head, the fight renews." . Origin: OE. Hed, heved, heaved, AS. Heafod; akin to D. Hoofd, OHG. Houbit, G. Haupt, Icel. Hofu, Sw. Hufvud, Dan. Hoved, Goth. Haubip. The word does not corresponds regularly to L. Caput head (cf. E. Chief, Cadet, Capital), and its origin is unknown. Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998) |
| head and neck neoplasms | Neoplasms of the head and neck. (12 Dec 1998) |
| head-bobbing doll syndrome | <syndrome> Bobbing motion of the head usually due to cysts in or about the third ventricle. (05 Mar 2000) |
| head botflies | Flesh flies of the dipterous families Oestridae and Cuterebridae; robust, hairy, black, yellow, or gray flies that, while flying, deposit newly hatched larvae or, in some cases, eggs, on or near the nostrils of sheep, goats, deer, horses, camels, and, rarely, man. (05 Mar 2000) |
| head cap | A collapsed membranous vesicle that covers the anterior part of the nucleus of the spermatozoon, derived from the acrosomal granule; the carbohydrate-rich substance of the cap is associated with hydrolytic enzymes that aid in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida of the ovum. Synonym: head cap. (05 Mar 2000) |
| head cavity | The cephalic region in the embryos of vertebrates containing the modified somites that give rise to the extrinsic eye muscles. (05 Mar 2000) |
| head fold | A ventral folding of the cephalic extremity in the embryonic disk, so that the brain lies rostrad to the mouth and pericardium. (05 Mar 2000) |
| head injuries | General or unspecified injuries involving the head. (12 Dec 1998) |
| head injuries, closed | Organic or functional damage resulting from trauma to the head where continuity of the scalp and mucous membranes is maintained. When brain injury results from closed head injuries, the primary cause is mechanical stretching and shearing of nerve fibres. Also common are focal intracranial lesions including haematomas and contusions. (12 Dec 1998) |
| head injury | Refers to a group of head injuries ranging from minor to major. Examples include scalp contusion, scalp haematoma, concussion, brain contusion, skull fracture, epidural haematoma, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage and subdural haematoma. Features shared by all head injuries (serious and nonserious) include: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, giddiness, sleepiness and headache. More serious features include: protracted vomiting, lethargy, difficulty waking up, loss of consciousness, seizure, confusion, change in mentation or coma. (27 Sep 1997) |
| head kidney | 1. The definitive excretory organ of primitive fishes. Synonym: head kidney. 2. In the embryos of higher vertebrates, a vestigial structure consisting of a series of tortuous tubules emptying into the cloaca by way of the primary nephric duct; in the human embryo, the pronephros is a very rudimentary and temporary structure, followed by the mesonephros and still later by the metanephros. Synonym: forekidney, primordial kidney. Origin: pro-+ G. Nephros, kidney (05 Mar 2000) |
| head lice | Small parasitic insects that can cause a itching red rash to the skin of the waist, shoulders, armpits, neck and pubic area. Commonly spread from person-to-person via close contact. The eggs (nits) of head lice can be mistaken for dandruff, but they are adherent to the hair shafts. Symptoms include itching, eggs visible on hair shafts and lice on hair, scalp or clothing. Treatment requires the use of a special prescription insecticide (Kwell) shampoo and/or lotion. (27 Sep 1997) |
| head mirror | A circular concave mirror attached to a head band, used to project a beam of light into a cavity, such as the nose or larynx, for purposes of examination and permitting binocular vision. (05 Mar 2000) |
| head movements | Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans. (12 Dec 1998) |