| 영문 | reproductive system | 한글 | 생식기계통 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 1.남성생식계통: 남성생식기는 정자(sperm)를 생성하는 고환과 정자의 성숙, 운반, 그리고 사정에 관여하는 부고환, 정관, 음경(penis) 등으로 이루어져 있으며, 부속기관으로 외분비샘인 정낭(seminal vesicle), 전립샘(prostate), 요도망물샘(bulbourethral gland, Cowper’s gland) 등을 갖추고 있다. 고환은 정자를 생산하는 생식샘인 동시에 남성호르몬(testosterone)을 분비하는 내분비샘이다. 고환에서 분비되는 남성호르몬은 정자생성과 생식기의 발달 및 유지에 필수적인 역할을 하므로 남성생식기능의 원천은 고환에 있다고 볼 수 있다. 2.여성생식계통: 여성생식기는 난자를 생성하는 난소와 난자를 자궁으로 운반하는 난관, 그리고 자궁과 질로 이루어져 있으며 외분비선인 바르톨린샘를 갖추고 있다. 난소는 난자를 생성하는 생식샘인 동시에 여성호르몬을 분비케하는 내분비샘이다. 월경주기 전반부에 난자를 생성시키기위해 성숙되고 있는 난포에서 분비되는 에스트로겐은 여성 2차 성징의 발달을 관장할 뿐 아니라 자궁내막을 장차 수정될 수정란이 착상하기에 알맞은 상태로 만들어준다. 난자가 분비되고 남은 황체에서 분비되는 푸로게스테론은 자궁내막을 붓도록 하면 분비액을 증가시키며 자궁근의 수축을 방해하여 임신시 임신을 지속시키는 역할을 한다. |
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| 영문 | digestive system | 한글 | 소화기계통 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 먹은 음식의 분해, 소화, 흡수에 관계된 장기를 통칭해서 부르는 말. |
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| 영문 | nervous system | 한글 | 신경계 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 여러 기관들의 서로간 상호연결체계가 바로 신경계이다. 여기에는 중추신경계(central nerve system: CNS)와 말초신경계(peripheral nerve system: PNS)가 있는데, 중추신경계란 뇌와 척수를 말한다. 그리고 말초신경계에는 12쌍의 뇌신경(cranial nerve: 뇌에서 기시하여 주로 얼굴부위와 목 부위에 분포한다)과 31쌍의 척수신경(spinal nerve:spinal cord에서 각기 양쪽으로 쌍을 이루어 나오는데 주로 목이하부위의 신체 각부분으로 분포하게 된다)으로 구성되어 있다. 또한 말초신경계는 3가지의 신경조직들로 구성되어 있는데 앞에서 말한 뇌신경과 척수신경외에 자율신경계가 여기에 해당된다. 자율신경계는 다시 교감신경과 부교감신경으로 나뉘어져 서로간의 올바른 상호작용으로 생체 여러 가지 작용을 수행한다. |
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| 영문 | cardiovascular system | 한글 | 심장혈관계 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 신체의 혈액순환을 담당하는 기관. 즉 심장과 혈관을 통칭해서 이르는 말이다. |
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| 영문 | autonomic nervous system | 한글 | 자율신경계 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 사람의 의지와 관계없이, 침을 흘리거나 소화운동 등과 같은 스스로 조정이 되어 움직이는 신경계이며 여기에는 다음과 같은 두 가지가 있다. 1.교감신경계(sympathetic nervous system)-사람이 위험상태에 이르렀을 경우에 흥분이 되는 자율신경계. 즉 심박수의 증가, 소화기 운동의 감소 등의 일이 이곳을 통해서 일어난다. 교감신경이 흥분되면 교감신경의 말단에서 epinephrine, norepinephrine 등의 물질이 분비되고 이것들에 의해서 말초장기가 변화를 일으킨다. 하지만 장기에 따라서 epinephrine이나 norepinephrine의 수용체를 가지고 있어서 여러 가지 다른 장기의 반응을 볼 수가 있다. 수용체는 다음과 같다. -알파수용체(alpha-receptor): 말초혈관의 수축, 기관지의 수축, 동공의 근육의 수축 -베타1수용체(beta 1-receptor): 심장에 존재하는 수용체, 심장을 빨리 뛰게하는 역할을 한다. -베타2수용체(beta 2-receptor): 혈관의 이완, 기관지의 이완, 즉 각 장기들은 그 장기가 가지고 있는 교감신경의 수용체에 따라 교감신경의 흥분(교감신경 말단에서의 epinephrine의 분비)에 대한 반응이 달라진다(예-교감신경이 흥분시에 beta 1-수용체를 가지고 있는 심장은 빨리 뛰게 된다. 교감신경 흥분시에 동공의 근육이 수축해서 동공의 크기가 커진다) 2.부교감신경계(parasympathetic nervous system)-교감신경과 반대로 작용한다. 즉 사람이 졸리거나 쉴 경우에 흥분한다. 부교감신경이 흥분할 때에는 신경의 말단에서 아세칠콜린의 분비가 일어나고 이것으로 인해서 각 장기의 변화가 일어난다. |
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| immediately dangerous to life concentration | <radiobiology> This is a regulatory value defined as the maximum exposure concentration in the workplace from which one could escape within 30 minutes without suffering symptoms which would interfere with escaping and without suffering any irreversible health effects. (04 Nov 1997) |
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| quality adjusted life year | A year of life adjusted for its quality or its value. A year in perfect health is considered equal to 1.0 qaly. The value of a year in ill health would be discounted. For example, a year bedridden might have a value equal to 0.5 qaly. A measurement index derived from a modification of standard life-table procedures and designed to take account of the quality as well as the duration of survival. This index can be used in assessing the outcome of health care procedures or services. (12 Jul 2000) |
| quality of life | Refers to the level of comfort, enjoyment, ability to pursue daily activities. Often used in discussions of treatment options. (16 Dec 1997) |
| indirect life cycle | <epidemiology> A life cycle which requires one or more intermediate hosts before the definitive host species is reinfected. Compare direct, nondirect. (05 Dec 1998) |
| insurance, life | Insurance providing for payment of a stipulated sum to a designated beneficiary upon death of the insured. (12 Dec 1998) |
| economic value of life | The evaluation of the monetary value of a life lost or a life saved. (12 Dec 1998) |
| effective half-life | <radiobiology> Time required for a radioactive substance contained in a biological system (such as a person or an animal) to reduce its radioactivity by half, as a combination result of radioactive decay and biological elimination from the system. (09 Oct 1997) |
| elimination half-life | <pharmacology> The time it takes for the body to eliminate or breakdown half of a dose of a pharmacologic agent. (09 Oct 1997) |
| expectation of life | The average number of years of life an individual of a given age is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply; a statistical abstraction based on existing age-specific death rates. Expectation of life at age x, The average number of additional years a person aged x would live if current mortality trends continue to apply, based on the age-specific death rates for a given year. Expectation of life at birth, Average number of years of life a newborn baby can be expected to live if current mortality trends continue. (05 Mar 2000) |
| years of potential life lost | Measure of the relative impact of various diseases and lethal forces on society, computed by estimating the years that people would have lived if they had not died prematurely from injury, cancer, heart disease, etc. (05 Mar 2000) |
| levelised life-cycle cost | The present value of the cost of a resource, including capital, financing and operating costs, expressed as a stream of equal annual payments. This stream of payments can be converted to a unit cost of energy by dividing the annual payment amount by the annual kilowatt-hours produced or saved. By levelizing costs, resources with different lifetimes and generating capabilities can be compared. (05 Dec 1998) |
| life | Origin: AS. Lf; akin to D. Lijf body, G. Leib body, MHG. Lp life, body, OHG. Lb life, Icel. Lf, life, body, Sw. Lif, Dan. Liv, and E. Live, v. See Live, and cf. Alive. 1. The state of being which begins with generation, birth, or germination, and ends with death; also, the time during which this state continues; that state of an animal or plant in which all or any of its organs are capable of performing all or any of their functions; used of all animal and vegetable organisms. 2. Of human being: The union of the soul and body; also, the duration of their union; sometimes, the deathless quality or existence of the soul; as, man is a creature having an immortal life. "She shows a body rather than a life." (Shak) 3. <philosophy> The potential principle, or force, by which the organs of animals and plants are started and continued in the performance of their several and cooperative functions; the vital force, whether regarded as physical or spiritual. 4. Figuratively: The potential or animating principle, also, the period of duration, of anything that is conceived of as resembling a natural organism in structure or functions; as, the life of a state, a machine, or a book; authority is the life of government. 5. A certain way or manner of living with respect to conditions, circumstances, character, conduct, occupation, etc.; hence, human affairs; also, lives, considered collectively, as a distinct class or type; as, low life; a good or evil life; the life of Indians, or of miners. "That which before us lies in daily life." (Milton) "By experience of life abroad in the world." (Ascham) "Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime." (Longfellow) "'T is from high life high characters are drawn." (Pope) 6. Animation; spirit; vivacity; vigor; energy. "No notion of life and fire in fancy and in words." (Felton) "That gives thy gestures grace and life." (Wordsworth) 7. That which imparts or excites spirit or vigor; that upon which enjoyment or success depends; as, he was the life of the company, or of the enterprise. 8. The living or actual form, person, thing, or state; as, a picture or a description from, the life. 9. A person; a living being, usually a human being; as, many lives were sacrificed. 10. The system of animal nature; animals in general, or considered collectively. "Full nature swarms with life." (Thomson) 11. An essential constituent of life, especially: the blood. "The words that I speak unto you . . . They are life." (John vi. 63) "The warm life came issuing through the wound." (Pope) 12. A history of the acts and events of a life; a biography; as, Johnson wrote the life of Milton. 13. Enjoyment in the right use of the powers; especially, a spiritual existence; happiness in the favor of God; heavenly felicity. 14. Something dear to one as one's existence; a darling; used as a term of endearment. Life forms the first part of many compounds, for the most part of obvious meaning; as, life-giving, life-sustaining, etc. Life annuity, an annuity payable during one's life. Life arrow, Life rocket, Life shot, an arrow, rocket, or shot, for carrying an attached line to a vessel in distress in order to save life. Life assurance. See Life insurance, below. Life buoy. See Buoy. Life car, a water-tight boat or box, traveling on a line from a wrecked vessel to the shore. In it person are hauled through the waves and surf. Life drop, a drop of vital blood. Life estate A line along any part of a vessel for the security of sailors. A line attached to a life boat, or to any life saving apparatus, to be grasped by a person in the water. Life rate, rate of premium for insuring a life. Life rent, the rent of a life estate; rent or property to which one is entitled during one's life. Life school, a school for artists in which they model, paint, or draw from living models. Lifetable, a table showing the probability of life at different ages. To lose one's life, to die. To seek the life of, to seek to kill. To the life, so as closely to resemble the living person or the subject; as, the portrait was drawn to the life. Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998) |
| life-belt cataract | Congenital cataract in which a central white membrane replaces the nucleus. Synonym: disk-shaped cataract, life-belt cataract, umbilicated cataract. (05 Mar 2000) |
| life change events | Those occurrences, including social, psychological, and environmental, which require an adjustment or effect a change in an individual's pattern of living. (12 Dec 1998) |
| life cycle | The entire life history of a living organism. (05 Mar 2000) |