| DNA hybridisation | <molecular biology> The process of joining two complementary strands of DNA or one each of DNA and RNA to form a double-stranded molecule. Technique in which single stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so that complexes or hybrids, are formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences. By this means the degree of sequence identity can be assessed and specific sequences detected. The hybridisation can be carried out in solution or with one component immobilised on a gel or, most commonly, nitrocellulose paper. Hybrids are detected by various means: visualisation in the electron microscope, by radioactively labelling one component and removing noncomplexed DNA or by washing or digestion with an enzyme that attacks single stranded nucleic acids and finally estimating the radioactivity bound. Hybridisations are done in all combinations: DNA DNA (DNA can be rendered single stranded by heat denaturation), DNA RNA or RNA RNA. In situ hybridisations involve hybridising a labelled nucleic acid (often labelled with a fluorescent dye) to suitably prepared cells or histological sections. This is used particularly to look for specific transcription or localisation of genes to specific chromosomes (FISH analysis). <zoology> The mating of individuals from different species or sub-species. (13 Oct 1997) |
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| DNA hybridization | A technique used to determine the relatedness of microorganisms by the speed and efficiency of the reassociation of single-stranded DNA to form double-stranded DNA when one of the strands originates from one organism and the other strand from another organism; occurs when the base sequences are complementary or nearly so. (05 Mar 2000) |
| DNA insertion elements | Discrete transposable segments of DNA which can insert into chromosomal, phage, and plasmid DNA. Some insert at random while others are site-specific; most have not been found to exist except in the inserted state. Their insertion into a genome always produces a mutation ("insertion mutation"), and their excision frequently results in a loss of host genetic information. Types of transposable elements include is elements (insertion sequence elements), which are composed of between 700 and 1400 bases and contain no genes unrelated to insertion function and tn elements (transposon elements), which are generally larger than 1400 bases and contain genes unrelated to insertion function. The concept also includes the delta element of saccharomyces cerevisiae and the integration site. (12 Dec 1998) |
| DNA iteron | <molecular biology> Repeated DNA sequence found near the origin of replication of some plasmids. (18 Nov 1997) |
| DNA library | <molecular biology> A collection of DNA molecules, derived from restriction fragments that have been cloned in vectors, that includes all or part of the genetic material of an organism. (18 Nov 1997) |
| DNA ligase | <enzyme, molecular biology> Enzyme involved in DNA replication. The DNA ligase of E. Coli seals nicks in one strand of double stranded DNA, a reaction required for linking precursor fragments during discontinuous synthesis on the lagging strand. Nicks are breaks in the phosphodiester linkage that leave a free 3_ OH and 5_ phosphate. The ligase from phage T4 has the additional property of joining two DNA molecules having completely base paired ends. DNA ligases are crucial in joining DNA molecules and preparing radioactive probes (by nick translation) in recombinant DNA technology. (18 Nov 1997) |
| DNA ligases | <enzyme> Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both ATP and NAD. Registry number: EC 6.5.1.- (12 Dec 1998) |
| DNA ligation | <molecular biology> The joining of two DNA strands by their ends with a phosphodiester bond. (09 Oct 1997) |
| DNA markers | Segments of chromosomal DNA known to be linked with heritable traits or diseases. Although the markers themselves to not produce the conditions, they exist in concert with the genes responsible and are passed on with them. Certain markers, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, consist of segments of DNA that can be identified on autoradiographs (produced after digestion of the DNA by restriction enzymes and segregation of the resulting fragments through gel electrophoresis). (05 Mar 2000) |
| DNA melting | <molecular biology> Denaturation of a DNA molecule with heat. The double-stranded molecule breaks up into two single-stranded molecules as a result of heat. (09 Oct 1997) |
| DNA methylation | <molecular biology> Process by which methyl groups are added to certain nucleotides in genomic DNA. This affects gene expression, as methylated DNA is not easily transcribed. The degree of methylation is passed on to daughter strands at mitosis by maintainance DNA methylases. Accordingly, DNA methylation is thought to play an important developmental role in sequentially restricting the transcribable genes available to distinct cell lineages. In bacteria, methylation plays an important role in the restriction systems, as restriction enzymes cannot cut sequences with certain specific methylations. (18 Nov 1997) |
| DNA modification | <molecular biology> A variety of chemical changes made to a DNA molecule just after it has been replicated. An example is DNA methylation. (09 Oct 1997) |
| DNA modification methylases | <enzyme> Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated sequence will occur many times in the hosT-cell DNA and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. Any DNA from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognised by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. Registry number: EC 2.1.1.- (12 Dec 1998) |
| DNA molecules, recombinant | A combination of DNA molecules of different origin that are joined using recombinant DNA technology. (12 Dec 1998) |
| DNA mutational analysis | Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence. (12 Dec 1998) |
| cloning, DNA | The use of DNA manipulation procedures to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA. (12 Dec 1998) |
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| molecules, recombinant DNA | A combination of DNA molecules of different origin that are joined using recombinant DNA technology. (12 Dec 1998) |
| competitor DNA | DNA from a test organism that is denatured and then used in in vitro hybridization experiments in which it competes with DNA (homologous) from a reference organism; used to determine the relationship of the test organism to the reference organism. (05 Mar 2000) |
| complementary DNA | <molecular biology> DNA that is synthesised from a messenger RNA template, the single-stranded form is often used as a probe in physical mapping to locate the gene or can be cloned in the double stranded form. Viral reverse transcriptase can be used to synthesise DNA that is complementary to RNA (for example an isolated mRNA). Acronym: cDNA (13 Nov 1997) |
| complementary DNA cloning | <molecular biology, technique> A lab technique where a double-stranded cDNA molecule (or dscDNA) is inserted into a cloning vector (another DNA molecule which will continue to be capable of replication after insertion of foreign material), so that the gene encoded by the cDNA can be expressed (transcribed and used) or so many copies of the gene can be made. (09 Oct 1997) |
| complementary DNA library | <molecular biology> A collection of all of the mRNA molecules present in a cell or organism, all turned into cDNA molecules with the enzyme reverse transcriptase, then inserted into vectors (other DNA molecules which can continue to replicate after addition of foreign DNA). The library can then be probed for the specific cDNA (and thus mRNA) of interest. (09 Oct 1997) |
| polymerase, DNA | Enzyme that catalyses (speeds) the polymerization of DNA. DNA polymerase uses preexisting nucleic acid templates and assembles the DNA from deoxyribonucleotides. (12 Dec 1998) |
| polymerase, DNA or RNA | Enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of nucleic acids on pre-existing nucleic acid templates, assembling RNA from ribonucleotides or DNA from deoxyribonucleotides. (05 Mar 2000) |
| covalently closed circular DNA | <molecular biology> A circular molecule of double-stranded DNA which is supercoiled, or coiled up on itself due to internal tensions, because there are no breaks in the phosphate backbone (upon which the nucleotide bases are mounted) to relieve the tensions and allow it to form an open circle. (09 Oct 1997) |
| cytosine-DNA glycosidase | <enzyme> Acts on uv-irradiated DNA at modified cytosine residues which are not pyrimidine dimers Registry number: EC 3.2.2.- Synonym: cytosine-DNA glycosylase (26 Jun 1999) |
| hemimethylated DNA | <molecular biology> Duplex DNA where only one of the two strands are methylated and is important for regulating and protecting DNA. (13 Nov 1997) |
| satellite DNA | <molecular biology> DNA, usually containing highly repetitive sequences, that has a base composition (and thus density) sufficiently different from that of normal DNA that it sediments as a distinct band in caesium chloride density gradients. (18 Nov 1997) |
| herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase | <enzyme> 3'-5'-exonuclease activity is associated with herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase; interacts with hsv-1 ul42 protein Registry number: EC 3.1.11.- Synonym: hsv DNA polymerase, polymerase associated exonuclease, herpes simplex virus 1 ul30 polymerase, hsv-1 ul30 protein, DNA polymerase ul30, hsv-1 (26 Jun 1999) |
| Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA endonuclease | <enzyme> Cleaves the phosphodiester bond immediately 5' of either cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or 6-4 pyrimidine pyrimidones of uv-damaged DNA Registry number: EC 3.1.25.- Synonym: uv damage endonuclease, s. Pombe DNA endonuclease, uve1 gene product, spde (26 Jun 1999) |
| heteroduplex DNA | <molecular biology> This is DNA that contains complementary strands from two different DNA molecules with similar sequences. (09 Oct 1997) |
Synonyms : Apoptotic DNA Degradation, Fragmentation, DNA
Synonyms : DNA Glycosylase, Methylpurine DNA Glycosylase, DNA Glycosylase, Methylpurine, DNA N glycosidase, Glycosylase, DNA, Glycosylase, Methylpurine DNA, Glycosylases, DNA
Synonyms : DNA-Gyrase, gyrA Gene product, gyrB Gene Product
Synonyms : ATP-Dependent DNA Helicases, DNA Helicase A, DNA Helicase E, DNA Helicase II, DNA Helicase III, ATP Dependent DNA Helicases, DNA Helicases, ATP-Dependent, Helicases, ATP-Dependent DNA, Helicases, DNA, Unwinding Proteins, DNA
Synonyms : T4 DNA Ligase, DNA Ligase, T4, Joinases, DNA, Ligase, T4 DNA, Ligases, DNA, Ligases, Polydeoxyribonucleotide, Synthetases, Polydeoxyribonucleotide
| DNA vaccine |
A DNA construct that is introduced into cells and subsequently translated into immunogenic proteins.
출처: www.genpromag.com/Glossary~LETTER~D.html
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| DNA ligase |
An enzyme that closes nicks or discontinuities in one strand of double-stranded DNA by creating an ester bond between adjacent 3' OH and 5' PO4 ends on the same strand.
출처: helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/glossary/d.htm
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| DNA polymerase |
An enzyme that can synthesize new DNA strands using a DNA template; several such enzymes exist. One of several classes of enzymes that polymerize DNA nucleotides using single or double-stranded DNA as a template.
출처: helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/glossary/d.htm
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| DNA fingerprinting |
A laboratory technique in which the banding patterns of DNA fragments from two different individuals are compared. (1)
출처: ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/glossary/Defs_D.htm
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| DNAase |
An enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA. (13)
출처: ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/glossary/Defs_D.htm
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