| 영문 | immune system | 한글 | 면역체계 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 세포성분 및 분자성분의 복합체계로서, 이의 일차기능은 자기(self)를 비자기(not self)로부터 구별하고 외부생물 또는 물질에 대해 방어하는 것이다. 일차적인 세포성분은 림프구와 큰포식세포이며 일차적인 분자성분은 항체와 림포카인이다. |
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| 영문 | urinary system | 한글 | 비뇨기계통 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 비뇨기계통이라하면 콩팥으로부터 시작해서 요관, 방광, 요도에 이르는 일련의 오줌생성 및 저장, 배설기관을 일컫는다. 콩팥은 길이 약 2.5cm, 폭 약 5.1cm, 두께 약 2.5cm, 무게 약 120~160gm으로서, 내측에 콩팥문이 있어 혈관, 신경, 요관이 출입하고 있다. 콩팥은 속질과 겉질로 이루어져 있으며 수질은 10~15개의 추체(오줌을 모으는 역할)를 형성하고 겉질은 약 100만개의 콩팥단위으로 구성되어 있다. 요세관은 토리쪽뇨세관, 헨레고리, 먼쪽뇨세관, 집합관으로 형성되어 있으며, 추체와 술잔, 깔때기를 거쳐 요관으로 연결된다. 콩팥은 혈액을 여과하여 신체 신진대사의 최종산물을 오줌의 형태로 배설하며, 세포외액(extracellular fluid)의 전해질농도를 조절한다. 콩팥에서 형성된 오줌는 요관을 거쳐 방광에서 저장되고 있다가 적당한 시기가 되면 요도를 통해 외계로 배출된다. |
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| 영문 | reproductive system | 한글 | 생식기계통 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 1.남성생식계통: 남성생식기는 정자(sperm)를 생성하는 고환과 정자의 성숙, 운반, 그리고 사정에 관여하는 부고환, 정관, 음경(penis) 등으로 이루어져 있으며, 부속기관으로 외분비샘인 정낭(seminal vesicle), 전립샘(prostate), 요도망물샘(bulbourethral gland, Cowper’s gland) 등을 갖추고 있다. 고환은 정자를 생산하는 생식샘인 동시에 남성호르몬(testosterone)을 분비하는 내분비샘이다. 고환에서 분비되는 남성호르몬은 정자생성과 생식기의 발달 및 유지에 필수적인 역할을 하므로 남성생식기능의 원천은 고환에 있다고 볼 수 있다. 2.여성생식계통: 여성생식기는 난자를 생성하는 난소와 난자를 자궁으로 운반하는 난관, 그리고 자궁과 질로 이루어져 있으며 외분비선인 바르톨린샘를 갖추고 있다. 난소는 난자를 생성하는 생식샘인 동시에 여성호르몬을 분비케하는 내분비샘이다. 월경주기 전반부에 난자를 생성시키기위해 성숙되고 있는 난포에서 분비되는 에스트로겐은 여성 2차 성징의 발달을 관장할 뿐 아니라 자궁내막을 장차 수정될 수정란이 착상하기에 알맞은 상태로 만들어준다. 난자가 분비되고 남은 황체에서 분비되는 푸로게스테론은 자궁내막을 붓도록 하면 분비액을 증가시키며 자궁근의 수축을 방해하여 임신시 임신을 지속시키는 역할을 한다. |
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| 영문 | digestive system | 한글 | 소화기계통 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 먹은 음식의 분해, 소화, 흡수에 관계된 장기를 통칭해서 부르는 말. |
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| 영문 | cardiovascular system | 한글 | 심장혈관계 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 신체의 혈액순환을 담당하는 기관. 즉 심장과 혈관을 통칭해서 이르는 말이다. |
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| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System; |
|---|---|
| ANS | acanthion; American Nutrition Society; 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid; anterior nasal spine; ... |
| GANS | granulomatous angiitis of the nervous system |
| NS | natural science; Neosporin; nephrosclerosis; nephrotic syndrome; nervous system; neurological surger... |
| SNS | Senior Nursing Sister; Society of Neurological Surgeons; sympathetic nervous system |
| AIDS-defining illness | <immunology> One of a list of serious illnesses that occurs in HIV-positive individuals and is reason for an AIDS diagnosis according to the CDC's definition of AIDS. Among these conditions are PCP, MAC, AIDS dementia complex, AIDS wasting syndrome, invasive cervical cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma and CMV retinitis. (09 Oct 1997) |
|---|---|
| AIDS dementia | <immunology> A frequent cerebral condition in people with AIDS that results in the loss of cognitive capacity, affecting the ability to function in a social or occupational setting. Its cause has not been determined exactly, but may result from HIV infection of cells in the brain or an inflammatory reaction to such infection. (09 Oct 1997) |
| AIDS dementia complex | <immunology> A frequent cerebral condition in people with AIDS that results in the loss of cognitive capacity, affecting the ability to function in a social or occupational setting. Its cause has not been determined exactly, but may result from HIV infection of cells in the brain or an inflammatory reaction to such infection. (09 Oct 1997) |
| aids-related complex | A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating aids-related complex (arc) from aids include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in aids; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in arc lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of aids; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown aids. (12 Dec 1998) |
| aids-related opportunistic infections | Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with mycobacterium avium complex, microsporidium, and cytomegalovirus. (12 Dec 1998) |
| AIDS-related virus | An obsolete term for human immunodeficiency virus. (05 Mar 2000) |
| aids serodiagnosis | Immunologic tests for identification of HIV (HTLV-III/lav) antibodies. They include assays for HIV seropositivity and HIV seronegativity (elisa, immunofluorescence, immunoblot, etc.) that have been developed for screening persons carrying the viral antibody from patients with overt symptoms of aids or aids-related complex. (12 Dec 1998) |
| AIDS test | <investigation> A test which is performed on a standard venipuncture blood specimen which detects the presence of antibodies to HIV (virus). This test may not be positive for 3 to 6 months after infection with HIV. (27 Sep 1997) |
| aids vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent aids. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced. (12 Dec 1998) |
| audiovisual aids | Auditory and visual instructional materials. (12 Dec 1998) |
| communication aids for disabled | Equipment that provides mentally or physically disabled persons, who cannot speak effectively, with a means of communication. The aids include display boards, typewriters, cathode ray tubes, computers, and speech synthesisers. The output of such aids includes written words, artificial speech, language signs, morse code, and pictures. (12 Dec 1998) |
| hearing aids | Devices which amplify sound to help persons with hearing loss. (12 Dec 1998) |
| lymphoma, aids-related | B-cell lymphoid tumours that occur in association with aids. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including burkitt lymphoma, immunoblastic large-cell lymphoma, small non-cleaved-cell lymphoma and diffuse large-cell lymphoma. The tumours are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in aids is a complex result of ebv infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation. (12 Dec 1998) |
| arteritis | <pathology> Inflammation of an artery. See: cranial arteritis, giant cell arteritis. (20 Jun 2000) |
| arteritis nodosa | <radiology> Necrotizing vasculitis of medium-sized arteries, usually in male adults, associated with hepatitis B antigen, kidney: most frquently involved organ (85%), multiple small intrarenal aneurysms, aneurysms may disappear (thrombosis) or appear in new locations, arterial narrowing and thrombosis (chronic/healing stage), multiple small cortical infarcts, associated with hypertension and renal failure, chest involvement (70%), cardiomegaly/pericardial effusion (14%), wedge shaped/round peripheral infiltrates simulating PE (14%), interstitial lower lung field pneumonitis, also may involve liver (66%), mesenteric vessels (50%), skeletal muscle (39%), skin (20%) (12 Dec 1998) |