| DNA, recombinant | Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected. (12 Dec 1998) |
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| DNA technology, recombinant | A series of procedures used to join together (recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed (recombined) from segments from 2 or more different DNA molecules. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate there, autonomously (on its own) or after it has become integrated into a chromosome. (12 Dec 1998) |
| technology, recombinant DNA | A series of procedures used to join together (recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed (recombined) from segments from 2 or more different DNA molecules. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate there, autonomously (on its own) or after it has become integrated into a chromosome. (12 Dec 1998) |
| erythropoietin, recombinant | Erythropoietin prepared by recombinant DNA technology. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, interleukin | Cell surface proteins that bind interleukins and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behaviour of cells. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, interleukin-1 | Specific molecular sites or structures on cells with which interleukin-1 reacts or to which it binds to modify the function of the cells. The il-1 receptor on T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts is composed of a single polypeptide chain that binds both il-1 alpha and il-1 beta. The molecular weight of this high-affinity receptor is believed to be 80 kD. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, interleukin-2 | Receptors present on activated t- and B-cells as a complex consisting of a 55 kD peptide, which reacts with the anti-tac monoclonal antibody, and a 75 kD non-tac interleukin-2-binding peptide. The receptor is present in two forms, one with a very high affinity and the other with low affinity for il-2. The high-affinity form appears to mediate exclusively the growth-promoting response to il-2. The receptor is present in large numbers on resting HTLV-I leukaemia cells, but not on normal resting cells. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, interleukin-3 | Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins, mw 140 kD. They form a stable complex with interleukin-3 with an apparent mass of 170 kD. They are found on a variety of cells and activate interleukin-3. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, interleukin-4 | Receptors present on a wide variety of haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cell types and various human tumours. Two forms of the receptor have been described, soluble and membrane-bound. Low affinity and high affinity receptors for il-4 have been reported. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, interleukin-6 | <chemical> Receptors present on t cells, mitogen-activated B-cells, peripheral monocytes, and some macrophage- and B-cell-derived tumour cell types. The receptor is a strongly glycosylated protein of 80 kD and a length of 468 amino acids. Pharmacological action: growth inhibitors. (12 Dec 1998) |
| interleukin | <cytokine, protein> A variety of naturally occuring polypeptides that are members of the family of cytokines which affect functions of specific cell types and are found in small quantities. They are secreted regulatory proteins produced by lymphocytes, monocytes and various other cell types and are released by cells in response to antigenic and non-antigenic stimuli. Interleukins are of the larger class of T-cell products, lymphokines which are now more frequently considered as cytokines. The interleukins, of which there are 12 identified to date, modulate inflammation and immunity by regulating growth, mobility and differentiation of lymphoid and other cells. Included among the cytokines are cachectin and lymphotoxin which are now known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and tumour necrosis factor-beta, respectively. Interleukin-1 inhibitors are the first well-described proteins involved in the feedback regulation of interleukin activities. The origin and functions of the two most novel cytokines, interleukin-11 and interleukin-12 (also referred to as natural killer cell stimulatory factor), have only recently begun to be understood. (11 Mar 1998) |
| interleukin-1 | <cytokine> A soluble protein (17 kD: 152 amino acids) secreted by monocytes, macrophages or accessory cells involved in the activation of both T-lymphocytes and B lymphocytes and potentiates their response to antigens or mitogens. Its biological effects include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation, as well as affecting a wide range of other cell types. at least two IL-1 genes are active and alpha and beta forms of IL-1 are recognised. It is released early in an immune system response by monocytes and macrophages. It stimulates T-cell proliferation and protein synthesis. Another effect of IL-1 is that it causes fever. See: catabolin, endogenous pyrogen. Acronym: IL-1 (12 Dec 1998) |
| interleukin-10 | <cytokine> A factor produced by Th2 helper T-cells, some B-cells and LPS activated monocytes. It is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus bcrfi gene. Chemical name: Cytokine formation-inhibiting factor (mouse clone F115 protein moiety reduced) Acronym: IL-10 (12 Dec 1998) |
| interleukin-11 | <cytokine> Pleiotropic cytokine originally isolated from primate bone marrow stromal cell line that has the ability to modulate antigen-specific antibody responses, potentiate megakaryocytes, and regulate bone marrow adipogenesis. Stimulates T-cell dependent B-cell maturation, megakaryopoiesis, various stages of myeloid differentiation. Receptor probably a tyrosine kinase. Acronym: IL-11 (12 Dec 1998) |
| interleukin-12 | <cytokine> A 75 kD heterodimeric cytokine composed of disulfide-bonded 40 kD and 35 kD subunits that was originally identified by its ability to induce cytotoxic effector cells in synergy with less than optimal concentrations of interleukin-2. It is released by macrophages in response to infection and promotes the activation of cell-mediated immunity. Specifically, IL-12 triggers the maturation of Thl CD4 cells, specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and an increase in the activity of NK cells and consequently, it is the initiator of cell-mediated immunity. It enhances the lytic activity of NK cells, induces interferon production, stimulates the proliferation of activated T-cells and NK cells. Is secreted by human B lymphoblastoid cells (NC 37). May play a role in controlling immunoglobulin isotype selection as it also inhibits IgE synthesis (even in the presence of anti-IFN monoclonal antibody) and as a growth factor for activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells independently of interleukin-2, and for CD56+ NK cells but not resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells or resting or activated tonsillar B-cells. It is likely that interleukin 12 has a major role in protective immunity against viruses and is under study as an immunotherapy in HIV infection. Formerly referred to as cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor. Acronym: IL-12 (12 Dec 1998) |