| 영문 | cell-mediated immunity | 한글 | 세포매개면역 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 면역이란 신체를 외부의 물질로부터 보호하는 행위를 말한다. 여기에는 특이적 면역과 비특이적 면역의 두 가지가 있다. 비특이적 면역이라함은 특정한 물질에 관계하는 면역이 아니라 특정 대상이 없이 모든 외부 물체에 작용할 수 있는 면역을 말한다. 여기에는 소변의 흐름, 눈물의 흐름, 피부의 비투과성 등의 기계적인 것도 포함되고 피속에 돌아다니는 세포 중에서 비특이적으로 외부의 물질을 포식하는 세포들(예를 들면 큰포식세포(macrophage)의 활동도 포함이 된다. 세포매개면역이란 특이한 물질을 감지할 수 있는 세포를 생성하게 하여 그것으로 하여금 그 물질을 포식하게 하는 것을 말한다. |
||
| 영문 | nerve cell | 한글 | 신경세포 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 신경세포는 올바른 신경전달을 위한 각 부분별로 나뉘어져 있다. 신경세포에서는 전해져오는 자극을 전기적인 신호로 바뀌어 보내거나 받게 된다. 이런 전기적인 현상은 각 신경세포내에 존재하는 각 이온채널(ion channel: ion이란 나트륨, 칼륨 등을 지칭하는 말들로써, 이들이 세포막에 의해 나뉘어질 때 생기는 전압차가 전기적 자극을 일으키고 유지하는데 결정적인 역할을 한다)들의 작용에 의해 이루어지게 된다. |
||
| 영문 | glia cell | 한글 | 아교세포 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 신경세포 사이에서 그물구조를 이루며 이를 지지하는 조직. 신경아교세포는 신경모세포와 갈라진 아교모세포가 다시 여러 형태로 분화-성장한 것이다. 뇌실이나 척수중심관의 벽을 덮고 원주상 또는 입방형이며, 초기에는 유리면에 섬모가 있다. 대형세포는 별뇌실막세포는 아교세포라고 하며, 신경세포나 신경섬유 사이에 산재한다. 그 외에 희소돌기아교세포도 포함된다. |
||
| 영문 | reserve cell | 한글 | 예비세포 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 일반적으로 상피조직에서 이미 있던 상피세포가 손상을 받아 사멸하면 매꿔지는 그 밑에 있는 미분화세포 예를 들면, 기관지 내표면을 덮는 중층 원주 상피의 기저에 있는 작은 미분화 상피 세포. |
||
| 영문 | stem cell | 한글 | 줄기세포, 간세포 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 자기 복제를 하여 자신을 존속시키면서 한편으로는 증식과 분화를 하여 새로운 세포를 형성하는 세포로서 조혈줄기세포가 대표적이다. 조혈줄기세포는 골수에 있는 세포로서 모든 혈구세포가 여기에서 분화되어 발생한다. |
||
| ACC | accommodation; acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase; acinic cell carcinoma; acute care center; adenoid cyst... |
|---|---|
| ESA | Electrolysis Society of America; endocardial surface area; epidermal surface antigen; esterase; este... |
| SA | salicylic acid; saline [solution]; salt added; sarcoidosis; sarcoma; scalenus anticus; secondary ame... |
| SSD | shaded surface display; single saturating dose; Social Security disability; source-skin distance; so... |
| GC | ganglion cell; gas chromatography; general circulation; general closure; general condition; generali... |
| receptors, adrenergic | Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of g-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction. (12 Dec 1998) |
|---|---|
| receptors, adrenergic, alpha | One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors. The alpha-beta distinction was originally based on cellular effects of receptor activation but now relies on the relative affinities for certain synthetic ligands. Alpha-adrenergic receptors are further subdivided into several subclasses based on studies of endogenous and cloned receptors. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, adrenergic, alpha-1 | A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors (receptors, adrenergic, alpha). Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors can be pharmacologically discriminated, e.g., by their high affinity for the agonist phenylephrine and the antagonist prazosin. They are widespread, with clinically important concentrations in the liver, the heart, vascular, intestinal, and genitourinary smooth muscle, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, adrenergic, alpha-2 | A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors (receptors, adrenergic, alpha). Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors can be pharmacologically discriminated, e.g., by their high affinity for the agonist clonidine and the antagonist yohimbine. They are found on pancreatic beta cells, platelets, and vascular smooth muscle, as well as both pre- and postsynaptically in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, adrenergic, beta | One of the two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The alpha-beta distinction was originally based on the cellular effects of receptor activation but now relies on the relative affinities for characteristic synthetic ligands. Beta adrenergic receptors are further subdivided based on information from endogenous and cloned receptors. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, adrenergic, beta-1 | A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (receptors, adrenergic, beta). Beta-1 adrenergic receptors are equally sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine and bind the agonist dobutamine and the antagonist metoprolol with high affinity. They are found in the heart, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, adrenergic, beta-2 | A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (receptors, adrenergic, beta). Beta-2 adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to epinephrine than to norepinephrine and have a high affinity for the agonist terbutaline. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in skeletal muscle, liver, and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary smooth muscle. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, albumin | Cell surface proteins that bind albumin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behaviour of cells. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, aldosterone | Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind aldosterone and mediate its cellular effects. The aldosterone-bound receptor acts in the nucleus to regulate the transcription of specific segments of DNA. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, amino acid | Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behaviour of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and gaba and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, ampa | Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and directly gate ion channels in cell membranes. Ampa receptors were originally discriminated from other glutamate receptors by their affinity for the agonist ampa (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid). They are probably the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Several subtypes have been cloned, and for some types the traditional distinction from kainate receptors may not apply. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, androgen | Proteins, generally found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind androgens and mediate their cellular actions. The complex of the androgen and receptor migrates to the nucleus where it induces transcription of specific segments of DNA. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, angiotensin | Cell surface proteins that bind angiotensins and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behaviour of cells. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, antigen | Molecules on the surface of b- and T-lymphocytes that recognise and combine with specific antigens. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, aryl hydrocarbon | Cytoplasmic proteins that bind certain aryl hydrocarbons, translocate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of particular DNA segments. Ah receptors are identified by their high-affinity binding to several carcinogenic or teratogenic environmental chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke and smog, heterocyclic amines found in cooked foods, and halogenated hydrocarbons including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. No endogenous ligand has been identified, but an unknown natural messenger with a role in cell differentiation and development is suspected. (12 Dec 1998) |