natural purification (자정 작용
| natural killer cell stimulating factor | <cytokine> A 75 kD heterodimeric cytokine composed of disulfide-bonded 40 kD and 35 kD subunits that was originally identified by its ability to induce cytotoxic effector cells in synergy with less than optimal concentrations of interleukin-2. It is released by macrophages in response to infection and promotes the activation of cell-mediated immunity. Specifically, IL-12 triggers the maturation of Thl CD4 cells, specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and an increase in the activity of NK cells and consequently, it is the initiator of cell-mediated immunity. It enhances the lytic activity of NK cells, induces interferon production, stimulates the proliferation of activated T-cells and NK cells. Is secreted by human B lymphoblastoid cells (NC 37). May play a role in controlling immunoglobulin isotype selection as it also inhibits IgE synthesis (even in the presence of anti-IFN monoclonal antibody) and as a growth factor for activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells independently of interleukin-2, and for CD56+ NK cells but not resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells or resting or activated tonsillar B-cells. It is likely that interleukin 12 has a major role in protective immunity against viruses and is under study as an immunotherapy in HIV infection. Formerly referred to as cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor. Acronym: IL-12 (12 Dec 1998) |
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| natural language processing | Computer processing of a language with rules that reflect and describe current usage rather than prescribed usage. (12 Dec 1998) |
| natural mutation | A mutation which occurs by itself without first being affected by a mutagen, for example during the process of DNA replication. Spontaneous mutations arise at a remarkably constant rate. The rate that spontaneous mutations arise has been used as an evolutionary clock to estimate how closely related two (or more) separate species are to each other. (09 Oct 1997) |
| natural pigment | A naturally occurring coloured compound; absorbs light in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Compare: structural colour. Synonym: biochrome. (05 Mar 2000) |
| natural products | Naturally occurring compounds that are end products of secondary metabolism; often, they are unique compounds for particular organisms or classes of organisms. (05 Mar 2000) |
| natural selection | The hypothesis that genotype environment interactions occurring at the phenotypic level lead to differential reproductive success of individuals and hence to modification of the gene pool of a population. (18 Nov 1997) |
| killer cells, natural | Cells responsible for spontaneous cytotoxicity of a variety of tumour cells without prior immunization. These natural killer cells are found in non-immune humans and experimental animals and are thought by some to be the same as killer cells (killing by antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity), but they can also kill in the absence of antibody. (12 Dec 1998) |
| acquired immunity | <immunology> A form of cellular defense which identifies certain foreign substances (antigens) as harmful to the body. For this reason, the body can acquire resistance to a particular foreign agent. These foreign agents are then attacked by sensitised T lymphocytes (cellular immunity). White blood cells, plasma cells, B lymphocytes and other specialised immune system cells act in concert with T lymphocytes to produce antibodies (humoral immunity) that attach to the antigen directing T-cells to attack. Antibodies also stimulate the release of special chemical mediators in the blood (for example complement, interferon) that further enhance antigen destruction. (13 Nov 1997) |
| active immunity | <immunology> An organisms resistance to disease or infection, developed because the organisms immune system has produced antibodies after an infection or innoculation. (06 May 1997) |
| adoptive immunity | <immunology> Immunity to disease or infection conferred on a previously non-immune individual by transferring lymphocytes from a previously immune individual to the non-immune individual. (15 Jan 1998) |
| allograft immunity | <immunology> The recipient's immune system rejects tissue grafted from a genetically dissimilar donor (of the same species) and stages an immune attack against it. (09 Oct 1997) |
| antiviral immunity | Immunity resulting from virus infection, either naturally acquired or produced by intentional vaccination; compared to some bacterial immunity's, it is of relatively long duration, but this may be the result of infection-immunity rather than being peculiar to virus infection per se, since it occurs also in bacterial immunity after infections such as typhoid fever. (05 Mar 2000) |
| artificial active immunity | See: acquired immunity. (05 Mar 2000) |
| artificial passive immunity | See: acquired immunity. (05 Mar 2000) |
| bacteriophage immunity | The state induced in a bacterium by lysogenization, the lysogenic bacterium being insusceptible to further lysogenization or to a lytic cycle by a superinfecting bacteriophage, in contradistinction to bacteriophage resistance. (05 Mar 2000) |