| formate dehydrogenases | <enzyme> Flavoproteins that catalyze reversibly the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. Many compounds can act as acceptors, but the only physiologically active acceptor is NAD. The enzymes are active in the fermentation of sugars and other compounds to carbon dioxide and are the key enzymes in obtaining energy when bacteria are grown on formate as the main carbon source. They have been purified from bovine blood. Chemical name: Formate:NAD+ oxidoreductase Registry number: EC 1.2.1.2 (12 Dec 1998) |
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| arginine glutamate | A compound composed of arginine and glutamic acid, given intravenously to detoxify ammonia; used in the treatment of ammoniaemia resulting from liver dysfunction. (05 Mar 2000) |
| receptors, glutamate | Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behaviour of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (ampa, kainate, and n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, metabotropic glutamate | Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through g-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action. (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate | <biochemistry, physiology> Major fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. See: glutamate receptor. Also the excitatory neuromuscular transmitter in arthropod skeletal muscles. (18 Nov 1997) |
| glutamate-1-saemialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase | <enzyme> Catalyses the conversion of glutamate 1-saemialdehyde to 5-aminolevulinate via 4,5-diaminovalerate in pyridoxane-dependent reactions; genbank x82072 (heml protein from pseudomonas aeruginosa) Registry number: EC 5.4.3.8 Synonym: glu-s-aminotransferase, glutamate-1-saemialdehyde aminotransferase, heml protein, heml gene product (26 Jun 1999) |
| glutamate acetyltransferase | <enzyme> An enzyme catalyzing transfer of an acetyl group from N2-acetylornithine to l-glutamate forming l-ornithine and N-acetyl-l-glutamate, an activator of the urea cycle. Synonym: ornithine acetyltransferase. (05 Mar 2000) |
| glutamate aminotransferase | <enzyme> Aromatic keto acid acts as amine acceptor Registry number: EC 2.6.1.- (26 Jun 1999) |
| glutamate-ammonia ligase | <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of ATP, l-glutamate, and nh3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and l-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-l-glutamate. Chemical name: L-Glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) Registry number: EC 6.3.1.2 (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate-cysteine ligase | <enzyme> One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyses the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. Chemical name: L-Glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming) Registry number: EC 6.3.2.2 (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate decarboxylase | <enzyme> A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyses the alpha-decarboxylation of l-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining gaba levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on l-cysteate, l-cysteine sulfinate, and l-aspartate. Chemical name: L-Glutamate-1-carboxy-lyase Registry number: EC 4.1.1.15 (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate dehydrogenase | <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of l-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and nh3 in the presence of NAD+. Chemical name: L-Glutamate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (deaminating) Registry number: EC 1.4.1.2 (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) | <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of l-glutamate, h2o, and NADP+ to 2-oxoglutarate, nh3, and NADPH. Chemical name: L-Glutamate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (deaminating) Registry number: EC 1.4.1.4 (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate formiminotransferase | <enzyme> Also catalyses formyl transfer from 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to l-glutamate (reaction formerly listed as EC 2.1.2.6) Registry number: EC 2.1.2.5 Synonym: formimino-l-glutamate tetrahydrofolate 5-formiminotransferase, formimino transferase, formiminotetrahydrofolate transferase, glutamate formyltransferase (26 Jun 1999) |
| glutamate gamma-saemialdehyde | -OOCCH(NH3)+CH2CH2C HO;an intermediate in l-proline and l-ornithine metabolism; becomes elevated in type II hyperprolinaemia. (05 Mar 2000) |