| 영문 | drug dependence | 한글 | 약물의존(성) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 어떤 종류의 약물을 반복해서 사용하는 동안 그 약의 사용을 중지할 수 없게 되는 상태. 의존의 정도가 심해지면 약 없이는 생활할 수 없는 상태에 빠지고, 그 결과 법을 어기면서까지 약을 구입하게 된다. 이전에는 약물만성중독, 약물남용, 약물습관성이라는 개념으로 나누어져 있었지만, WHO에서는 이것들을 모두 포함시켜서 약물의존이라 하였다. 상태에 의한 분류라 약물작용에 의한 분류가 있다. 상태에 의한 것은 1.정신적 의존: 약물의 사용을 중지하면 불안감-우울감-초조감 등의 심리적인 증상이 나타나 다시 약물을 찾게 되는 경우. 약을 끊었을 경우에 나타나는 신체증상인 금단증상은 나타나지 않으며, 약물의 지속적 복용에 의해서 점차 약물에 대한 신체의 반응이 줄어드는 현상인 약물의 내성도 나타나지 않는다. 2.신체적 의존: 약물 사용을 중지하면 신체적인 장애, 즉 금단증상을 일으키고 그 고통을 달래기 위해 약물을 찾게 되는 경우이다. 대부분 내성이 나타나는데 개별적으로 나타나는 경우도 있지만 주로 병행해서 나타난다. |
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| 영문 | antianginal drug | 한글 | 항협심증제 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 협심증은 심장동맥의 혈류를 좋게하거나 심장이 혈류에 비해서 많은 일을 하는 것을 억제함으로써 치료될 수 있다. ① nitrate계통의 약물: 혈관을 이완시키는 작용을 함으로써 심장동맥의 혈류를 좋게 한다. ② 칼슘통로차단제(verapamil, nifedipine): 모든 근육의 수축에는 Ca이 관여한다. 즉 Ca이 있어야만 근육의 수축이 가능해진다. 그러므로 Ca이 세포속으로 들어가는 것을 억제하는 약제는 근육의 수축을 막는다. 이 약은 심장의 근육에 작용하여 심장 근육의 수축을 억제하며 심장이 과도하게 일하는 것을 막고, 또 심장동맥의 수축에 관여하는 근육에 작용을 하여 심장동맥을 이완시켜서 혈류를 좋게 한다. ③ 베타차단제(beta-blocker): 신체의 운동량이나 기타의 요구에 의해서 심장을 빨리 뛰게하는 신경은 바로 베타-교감신경이다. 교감신경계란 사람이 위급한 상황에서 작용하는 자율신경계이다. 즉 사람이 긴장하거나 싸울 경우에 전형적으로 교감신경계가 작용한다. 즉 심장이 뛰거나 소화가 않되거나 동공이 커지는 것 따위가 바로 교감신경계의 역할이라고 할 수 있다. 이 교감신경계에서 말초장기에 보내는 신경이 교감신경이다. 그러므로 심장에서 심장을 신체에 필요에 따라서 많은 일을 하게하는 신경을 차단할 경우에는 협심증을 치료할 수 있게 된다(심장의 산소나 기타 영양분의 수요를 줄인다). |
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| PDMS | patient data management system; pharmacokinetic drug monitoring service; polydimethylsiloxane |
|---|---|
| TDM | therapeutic drug monitoring |
| HCG, hCG | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin; 사람융모성성선자극호르몬 1. Placental Glycoprotein Hormone &nbs... |
| CCL | carcinoma cell line; certified cell line; Charcot-Leyden crystal; continuing care level; critical ca... |
| CL | capillary lumen; cardiolipin; cell line; centralis lateralis; chemiluminescence; chest and left arm ... |
| environmental monitoring | The monitoring of the level of toxicants, pollutants, or other harmful chemicals in the environment or workplace by measuring the amounts of these toxicants in the bodies of people and animals in that environment, among other methods. It also includes the measurement of environmental exposure. Humans and animals are used as indicators of toxic levels of undesirable chemicals. (12 Dec 1998) |
|---|---|
| uterine monitoring | Measurement or recording of contraction activity of the uterine muscle. It is used to determine progress of labour and assess status of pregnancy. It is also used in conjunction with foetal monitoring to determine foetal response to stress of maternal uterine contractions. (12 Dec 1998) |
| foetal monitoring | Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the foetus. It is usually done during labour and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery. (12 Dec 1998) |
| ACE level | <investigation> This is a blood test which measures the concentration of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the bloodstream. Elevations in angiotensin-converting enzyme are seen sarcoidosis, histoplasmosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, asbestosis, berylliosis, diabetes, Hodgkin's disease, hyperthyroidism, amyloidosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary embolism, scleroderma, silicosis, tuberculosis, Gaucher's disease and leprosy. The normal values are 18 to 67 U/ml over 20 years of age (people under 20 have higher levels). (15 Jan 1998) |
| acoustic reference level | The biological reference level for sound measurements. When the term decibel is used to indicate the noise level, a reference quantity is implied; this reference value is usually expressed as a sound pressure of 20 micronewtons per square meter. The reference level is referred to as 0 decibels, the baseline of the scale of noise level's; this baseline is considered the weakest sound that can be heard by a person with very good hearing in an extremely quiet location. Other equivalent reference level's still being used include 0.0002 microbar and 0.0002 dyne per square centimeter. (05 Mar 2000) |
| background level | The average amount of a substance present in the environment. Originally referring to naturally occurring phenomena. Used in toxic substance monitoring. (05 Dec 1998) |
| blood porphyrin level | A test which is used to measure red blood cell porphyrin levels. Porphyrins are pigments found in both animal and plant life. This test is useful in evaluating any number of porphyrin disorders (involving the various porphyrins) of red blood cells. Increased levels of coproporphyrins can indicate congenital erythropoietic porphyria or sideroblastic anaemia. Increased protoporphyrins may be seen in infection, thalassaemia, sideroblastic anaemia, iron deficient anaemia, increased erythropoiesis and lead poisoning. Increased uroporphyrins may indicate congenital erythropoietic porphyria or erythropoietic protoporphyria. (27 Sep 1997) |
| carbon dioxide blood level | A measure of the bicarbonate level in the blood based on a venipuncture specimen. The serum carbon dioxide is one of the normally reported values in the electrolytes profile. Lower levels of carbon dioxide indicate an acidosis. The normal level is 20 to 29 mEq/L. Lower than normal levels can indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, alcoholic ketoacidosis, kidney disease, renal failure, diarrhoea, Addison's disease, ethylene glycol poisoning or methanol poisoning. Greater than normal levels can be seen with excessive vomiting, hyperaldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome. (27 Sep 1997) |
| vasopressin level | This test measures the amount of ADH in the serum. It is used to detect disorders that may affect the level of ADH in the serum. Normal values are: 0 to 4.7 pg/ml. Elevated ADH levels can indicate a CNS infection, fluid imbalance, CNS tumour, SIADH or acute porphyria. Low levels can indicate: diabetes insipidus or damage to the pituitary gland. (27 Sep 1997) |
| maximum permissible exposure level | The highest level of exposure to a substance, usually noxious, in the environment or during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, that a body can tolerate without injury. (12 Dec 1998) |
| mean sea level | <marine biology> A tidal datum: the arithmetic mean of hourly water elevations observed over a specific 19-year cycle. Points on land can be referenced to a mean sea level, in which case the datum assumes zero elevation. (09 Oct 1997) |
| gray level also gray value | <microscopy> The brightness of pixels in a digitised video image, commonly expressed in integers ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white) for an 8-bit digital signal. (05 Aug 1998) |
| gray level histogram | <microscopy> In digital image processing, a histogram that depicts the number of pixels at each gray value. The histogram can be used to measure the areas that have given ranges of gray values or to adjust image contrast by histogram stretching or equalisation. See: Image histogram. (05 Aug 1998) |
| Clark's level | The level of invasion of primary malignant melanoma of the skin; limited to the epidermis, I; into the underlying papillary dermis, II; to the junction of the papillary and reticular dermis, III; into the reticular dermis, IV; into the subcutaneous fat, V. The prognosis is worse with each successive deeper level of invasion. (05 Mar 2000) |
| cohb level | A blood test which is performed on an arterial specimen and is a measurement of the amount of carbon monoxide which is present and bound to haemoglobin. This is an important test to diagnosis carbon monoxide toxicity (smoke inhalation). Normal carboxyhaemoglobin may be from 3% to as high as 12% in heavy smokers. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning begin at about 20% carboxyhaemoglobin. (27 Sep 1997) |