| 영문 | drug dependence | 한글 | 약물의존(성) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 어떤 종류의 약물을 반복해서 사용하는 동안 그 약의 사용을 중지할 수 없게 되는 상태. 의존의 정도가 심해지면 약 없이는 생활할 수 없는 상태에 빠지고, 그 결과 법을 어기면서까지 약을 구입하게 된다. 이전에는 약물만성중독, 약물남용, 약물습관성이라는 개념으로 나누어져 있었지만, WHO에서는 이것들을 모두 포함시켜서 약물의존이라 하였다. 상태에 의한 분류라 약물작용에 의한 분류가 있다. 상태에 의한 것은 1.정신적 의존: 약물의 사용을 중지하면 불안감-우울감-초조감 등의 심리적인 증상이 나타나 다시 약물을 찾게 되는 경우. 약을 끊었을 경우에 나타나는 신체증상인 금단증상은 나타나지 않으며, 약물의 지속적 복용에 의해서 점차 약물에 대한 신체의 반응이 줄어드는 현상인 약물의 내성도 나타나지 않는다. 2.신체적 의존: 약물 사용을 중지하면 신체적인 장애, 즉 금단증상을 일으키고 그 고통을 달래기 위해 약물을 찾게 되는 경우이다. 대부분 내성이 나타나는데 개별적으로 나타나는 경우도 있지만 주로 병행해서 나타난다. |
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| 영문 | antianginal drug | 한글 | 항협심증제 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 협심증은 심장동맥의 혈류를 좋게하거나 심장이 혈류에 비해서 많은 일을 하는 것을 억제함으로써 치료될 수 있다. ① nitrate계통의 약물: 혈관을 이완시키는 작용을 함으로써 심장동맥의 혈류를 좋게 한다. ② 칼슘통로차단제(verapamil, nifedipine): 모든 근육의 수축에는 Ca이 관여한다. 즉 Ca이 있어야만 근육의 수축이 가능해진다. 그러므로 Ca이 세포속으로 들어가는 것을 억제하는 약제는 근육의 수축을 막는다. 이 약은 심장의 근육에 작용하여 심장 근육의 수축을 억제하며 심장이 과도하게 일하는 것을 막고, 또 심장동맥의 수축에 관여하는 근육에 작용을 하여 심장동맥을 이완시켜서 혈류를 좋게 한다. ③ 베타차단제(beta-blocker): 신체의 운동량이나 기타의 요구에 의해서 심장을 빨리 뛰게하는 신경은 바로 베타-교감신경이다. 교감신경계란 사람이 위급한 상황에서 작용하는 자율신경계이다. 즉 사람이 긴장하거나 싸울 경우에 전형적으로 교감신경계가 작용한다. 즉 심장이 뛰거나 소화가 않되거나 동공이 커지는 것 따위가 바로 교감신경계의 역할이라고 할 수 있다. 이 교감신경계에서 말초장기에 보내는 신경이 교감신경이다. 그러므로 심장에서 심장을 신체에 필요에 따라서 많은 일을 하게하는 신경을 차단할 경우에는 협심증을 치료할 수 있게 된다(심장의 산소나 기타 영양분의 수요를 줄인다). |
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| DI | date of injury; defective interfering [particle]; dentinogenesis imperfecta; deoxyribonucleic acid i... |
|---|---|
| DUR | drug use review; drug utilization review |
| IVDA/IVDU | intravenous drug abuse/ abuser; intravenous drug use/user |
| Rx | drug; medication; pharmacy; prescribe, prescription, prescription drug; take [Lat. recipe]; therapy;... |
| HP | Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis = Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis |
| immediate hypersensitivity reaction | An immune response mediated by antibody, usually IgE, which occurs within minutes after a second encounter with an antigen, resulting in the release of histamine and subsequent swelling and vasodilation. (05 Mar 2000) |
|---|---|
| tuberculin-type hypersensitivity | A local or generalised response that begins 24 to 48 hours after exposure to an antigen. See: cell-mediated reaction. Synonym: contact hypersensitivity, delayed hypersensitivity, late reaction, tuberculin-type hypersensitivity. (05 Mar 2000) |
| type III hypersensitivity reaction | An immunologic category of diseases evoked by the deposition of antigen-antibody or antigen-antibody-complement complexes on cell surfaces, with subsequent involvement of breakdown products of complement, platelets, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and development of vasculitis; nephritis is common. Arthus phenomenon and serum sickness are classic examples, but many other disorders, including most of the connective tissue disease's, may belong in this immunologic category; immune complex disease's can also occur during a variety of disease's of known aetiology, such as subacute bacterial endocarditis. See: autoimmune disease. Synonym: immune complex disorder, type III hypersensitivity reaction. (05 Mar 2000) |
| food hypersensitivity | Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens ingested in food. (12 Dec 1998) |
| abnormalities, drug-induced | Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment. (12 Dec 1998) |
| activity, drug | A measure of the physiological response a drug produces in the body. A less active drug produces less response (and visa versa). (12 Dec 1998) |
| addictive drug | Any drug that creates a certain degree of euphoria and has a strong potential for addiction. (05 Mar 2000) |
| adverse drug reaction reporting systems | Systems developed for collecting reports from government agencies, manufacturers, hospitals, physicians, and other sources on adverse drug reactions. (12 Dec 1998) |
| akathisia, drug-induced | Motor restlessness with sensations of quivering and an urge to move about constantly resulting from the use of certain drugs, such as neuroleptic drugs, which affect the extrapyramidal region of the brain. This differs from dyskinesia, drug-induced in that long-term antipsychotic drug exposure is significantly correlated with the increased prevalence of akathisia while there is no such correlation with dyskinesia. The primary observable distinction between tardive akathisia and dyskinesia appears to be in the repetitive, stereotypy of the dyskinesic movements (lip smacking, for example), while akathisia is associated with anxiety, restlessness, and agitation (psychomotor agitation). (12 Dec 1998) |
| antineoplastic drug | A drug that stops or slows the maturation and spread of tumour cells (benign or malignant). (09 Oct 1997) |
| maintenance drug therapy | In chemotherapy, systematic dosage at a level that maintains protection against exacerbation. (05 Mar 2000) |
| rational drug design | <pharmacology> Modeling the molecular structure of the target of a drug, for example, an antigen, and then designing a drug that will attack it. (17 Dec 1997) |
| receptors, drug | Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behaviour of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified. (12 Dec 1998) |
| recreational drug | A controlled substance taken for non-medical purposes. Street drugs comprise various amphetamines, anaesthetics, barbiturates, opiates, and psychoactive drugs, and many are derived from natural sources (e.g., the plants Papaver somniferum, Cannibis sativa, Amanita pantherina, Lophophora williamsii). Slang names include acid (lysergic acid diethylamide), angel dust (phencyclidine), coke (cocaine), downers (barbiturates), grass (marijuana), hash (concentrated tetrahydrocannibinol), magic mushrooms (psilocybin), mescaline (peyote), speed (amphetamines). During the 1980s, a new class of "designer drugs" arose, mostly analogs of psychoactive substances intended to escape regulation under the Controlled Substances Act. Also, crack cocaine, a potent, smokable form of cocaine, emerged as a major public health problem. In the U.S. Illicit use of drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, and heroin historically has occurred in cycles. Synonym: recreational drug. (05 Mar 2000) |
| peak plasma drug concentration | <pharmacology> The highest level of drug that can be obtained in the blood usually following multiple doses. (09 Oct 1997) |