| 영문 | vagus nerve | 한글 | 미주신경 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 제 10뇌신경(뇌신경은 뇌에서 기시한 말초신경으로 모두 12개가 있다)의 이름. 올리브와 아래소뇌각(inferior cerebellopontine angle)사이 숨뇌 외측에서 나오는 많은 뿌리섬유로부터 기시하여 상후두신경, 되돌이후두신경, 경질막가지, 귀바퀴가지, 인두가지, 심장가지, 기관지인지, 위가지, 간가지, 복강가지, 콩팥가지, 인두신경얼기(pharyngeal plexus), 폐신경얼기(pulmonic plexus), 식도신경얼기(esophageal plexus), 전 및 후 미주신경간(anterior & posterior vagal trunk)의 가지를 낸다. 미주신경은 목정맥구멍(jugular foramen)을 통해 내려가서 상하신경절(superior & inferior ganglion)과 연결되고, 목 및 가슴를 지나 복부에 도달한다. 귀, 혀, 인두, 후두에 감각성으로, 인두, 후두 및 식도에 운동성으로, 그리고 흉부 및 복부의 기관에 내장구심성으로 분포한다.  |
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| 영문 | optic nerve | 한글 | 시각신경 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 시각을 인지하는 신경. 이 신경은 단지 감각신경으로서만 작용한다. 따라서 어떤 사물을 따라 눈을 움직일 수 있는 것은 이 시각신경과는 무관하다(이것은 눈돌림신경(oculomotor nerve)에 의해 가능하다). 또한 시각신경은 고위중추신경계인 뇌에서 직접 분지하므로 손상시 재생은 불가능하며, 이에 대한 치료법은 없다. |
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| 영문 | nerve | 한글 | 신경 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 생물이 자신의 몸과 주위에서 일어나는 각종 변화를 감지하고 종합하여 적절한 반응을 일으키도록 하는 기관. 수많은 신경 세포로 되어 있다. 육안상 끈 모양의 구조로서, 중추신경계와 신체의 각 부분 사이에서 신경충동을 전달하는 신경섬유의 집합이다. 신경은 신경섬유의 다발을 둘러싸는 결합조직성의 집(sheath)으로 이루어진다. 각 신경섬유속은 신경다발막(perineurium)이라 부르는 결합조직성의 고유의 집으로 둘러싸여 있으며, 막의 내면은 편평한 중피세포의 막으로 되어 있다. 매우 작은 신경은 모신경에서 나온 단 한개의 신경삭으로 이루어지기도 한다. 이러한 신경속내에서, 현미경으로 관찰될 수 있는 각 신경섬유는 간질성 결합조직인 신경섬유막(endoneurium)으로 둘러싸여 있다. 각 신경섬유(축삭과 이를 싸고 있는 집)는 원형질로 된 기질인 축삭형질(axoplasm)과 이것내의 유형성분으로 구성되어 있고, 전체구조는 얇은 축삭집(axolemma)으로 둘러싸여 있으며, 신경집세포에 유래한 지질층인 말이집(myelin sheath)이 있는 것도 있고, 없는 것도 있다.  |
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| 영문 | nerve | 한글 | 신경 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 여러 기관들의 서로간 상호연결체계가 바로 신경계이다. 이러한 신경계는 각 신경세포들에 의해 이루어지고 있으며, 여기에는 중추신경계(central nerve system: CNS)와 말초신경계(peripheral nerve system: PNS)가 있다. 중추신경계란 뇌와 척수를 말하며, 말초신경계는 12쌍의 뇌신경(cranial nerve: 뇌에서 기시하여 주로 얼굴부위와 목 부위에 분포한다)과 31쌍의 척수신경(spinal nerve: spinal cord에서 각기 양쪽으로 쌍을 이루어 나오는데 주로 목이하부위의 신체 각 부분으로 분포하게 된다)으로 구성되어 있다. 또한 말초신경계에는 앞에서 말한 뇌신경과 척수신경외에 자율신경계가 존재한다. 자율신경계는 다시 교감신경과 부교감신경으로 나뉘어져 서로간의 올바른 상호작용으로 몸속에서 여러 가지 작용을 수행한다. |
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| 영문 | nerve cell | 한글 | 신경세포 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 신경세포는 올바른 신경전달을 위한 각 부분별로 나뉘어져 있다. 신경세포에서는 전해져오는 자극을 전기적인 신호로 바뀌어 보내거나 받게 된다. 이런 전기적인 현상은 각 신경세포내에 존재하는 각 이온채널(ion channel: ion이란 나트륨, 칼륨 등을 지칭하는 말들로써, 이들이 세포막에 의해 나뉘어질 때 생기는 전압차가 전기적 자극을 일으키고 유지하는데 결정적인 역할을 한다)들의 작용에 의해 이루어지게 된다. |
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| CM | California mastitis [test]; calmodulin; capreomycin; carboxymethyl; cardiac murmur; cardiac muscle; ... |
|---|---|
| CP | candle power; capillary pressure; cardiac pacing; cardiac performance; cardiopulmonary; caudate puta... |
| CSN | cardiac sympathetic nerve; carotid sinus nerve |
| NE | national emergency; necrotic enteritis; necrotizing enterocolitis; nephropathia epidemica; nerve end... |
| NRI | nerve root involvement; nerve root irritation; nonrespiratory infection |
| reduction division | The first cell division in meiosis, the process by which germ cells are formed. A unique event in which the chromosome number is reduced from diploid (46 chromosomes) to haploid (23 chromosomes). Also called first meiotic division or first meiosis. (12 Dec 1998) |
|---|---|
| Remak's nuclear division | <cell biology> An unusual form of nuclear division, in which the nucleus simply constricts, rather like a cell without chromosome condensation or spindle formation. Partitioning of daughter chromosomes is haphazard. Observed in some Protozoa. (18 Nov 1997) |
| cell division | The separation of one cell into two daughter cells, involving both nuclear division (mitosis) and subsequent cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). (18 Nov 1997) |
| cell division cycle gene | Genes which control the yeast cell cycle. There are around 50 different genes which do this. (09 Oct 1997) |
| cell division cycle mutant | A yeast cell which has cell division cycle genes that have mutated to become sensitive to temperature, at certain temperatures (usually high ones), various parts of the normal yeast cell cycle become abnormal, and in some strains the yeast cell does not survive at all. (09 Oct 1997) |
| cell division phases | The stages which a cell undergoes when dividing. There are four successive phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase. (12 Dec 1998) |
| meiotic division | A specialised form of nuclear division in which there two successive nuclear divisions (meiosis I and II) without any chromosome replication between them. Each division can be divided into 4 phases similar to those of mitosis pro, meta, ana and telophase). Meiosis reduces the starting number of 4n chromosomes in the parent cell to n in each of the 4 daughter cells. Each cell receives only one of each homologous chromosome pair, with the maternal and paternal chromosomes being distributed randomly between the cells. This is vital for the segregation of genes. During the prophase of meiosis I (classically divided into stages: Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis), homologous chromosomes pair to form bivalents, thus allowing crossing over, the physical exchange of chromatid segments. This results in the recombination of genes. Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes in animals, which are thus haploid and fertilization gives a diploid egg. In plants meiosis leads to the formation of the spore by the sporophyte generation. (18 Nov 1997) |
| cleavage division | The rapid mitotic division of the zygote with decrease in size of individual cells or blastomeres and the formation of a morula. See: cleavage. (05 Mar 2000) |
| mitotic division | <cell biology> A method of indirect division of a cell, consisting of a complex of various processes, by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. Mitosis, the process by which the body grows and replaces cells, is divided into four phases. 1. Prophase: formation of paired chromosomes, disappearance of nuclear membrane, appearance of the achromatic spindle, formation of polar bodies. 2. Metaphase: arrangement of chromosomes in the equatorial plane of the central spindle to form the monaster. Chromosomes separate into exactly similar halves. 3. Anaphase: the two groups of daughter chromosomes separate and move along the fibres of the central spindle, each toward one of the asters, forming the diaster. 4. Telophase: the daughter chromosomes resolve themselves into a reticulum and the daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, forming two complete daughter cells. NOTE: the term mitosis is used interchangeably with cell division, but strictly speaking it refers to nuclear division, whereas cytokinesis refers to division of the cytoplasm. In some cells, as in many fungi and the fertilized eggs of many insects, nuclear division occurs within the cell unaccompanied by division of the cytoplasm and formation of daughter cells. (13 Nov 1997) |
| multiplicative division | Reproduction by simultaneous division of a mother cell into a number of daughter cells. If the process occurs without fertilization of the mother cell, or encystment, the daughter cells are called merozoites; if they develop within a cyst, and usually after fertilization, they are called sporozoites. (05 Mar 2000) |
| conjugate division | The nuclear division of both haploid nuclei in a dikaryon at the same time (in a dikaryon which has two nuclei). The term is relevant to the biology of fungus. (09 Oct 1997) |
| posterior primary division | <anatomy, nerve> The smaller, posteriorly-directed major terminal branch (with the ventral primary ramus) of all 31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves, formed at the intervertebral foramen and turning abruptly posteriorly to divide into lateral and medial branches, both of which will supply the deep (true) muscles of the back. The medial branch (rami medialis ) of the dorsal primary ramus also supplies articular branches to the zygopophyseal joints and the periosteum of the vertebral arch. In the neck and upper back, the medial branch continues through the deep and superficial back muscles to supply overlying skin; in the lower back, the lateral branch does this. Nomina Anatomica lists dorsal primary rami as "rami dorsales" for each group of spinal nerves: 1) cervical (nervorum cervicalium ), 2) thoracic (nervorum thoracicorum ), 3) lumbar (nervorum lumbalium ), 4) sacral (nervorum sacralium ), and 5) coccygeal (nervi coccygei ). Synonym: ramus dorsalis nervorum spinalium, ramus dorsalis, rami posteriores nervorum spinalium, dorsal branch, posterior primary division. (05 Mar 2000) |
| second meiotic division | The second of two consecutive divisions of the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell during the process of meiosis. It includes the following stages of meiosis: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II. (09 Oct 1997) |
| direct nuclear division | <cell biology> An unusual form of nuclear division, in which the nucleus simply constricts, rather like a cell without chromosome condensation or spindle formation. Partitioning of daughter chromosomes is haphazard. Observed in some Protozoa. (18 Nov 1997) |
| division | 1. The act of dividing. 2. <zoology> A rank that if treated as a division of a genus or subgenus is deemed to be of subgeneric rank for the purposes of nomenclature. 3. A taxon at the rank of division. The second highest taxonomic classification for the kingdoms Plantae (plants) and Fungi, between kingdom level and class level. (09 Jan 1998) |