| 영문 | blood collection | 한글 | 채혈 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 1. 모세관혈 : 혈구수-혈소판수 계산, 혈색소량, 혈구용적측정, 도말표본제작 등을 할때 사용된다. 귓불 또는 손가락끝바닥면을 충분히 마찰한 다음, 알코올로 소독-건조시켜서, 작은 칼 또는 종두침 혹은 1mm의 주사침으로 2~3mm의 깊이까지 찌른다. 맨처음 피방울은 닦아낸 후 다음 핏방울을 검사에 이용한다. 2. 정맥혈 : 대량의 혈액을 요하는 경우에 사용한다. 보통 (팔꿈치정중피부)주정중피정맥을 찌르며, 영유아의 경우에는 외경정맥을 선택하기도 한다. 지혈용 고무줄로 상단을 최저혈압에 상당하는 정도로 묶고, 주먹을 꼭 쥐게 하여 정맥을 노출시킨 후 멸균건조주사기를 혈관내에 삽입한다. 곧 바로 고무줄과 주먹을 풀고 채혈을 한 다음 혈액을 시험관에 넣는다. 2분이상의 정맥 울혈은 혈액성상에 변화를 가져온다. 2. 동맥혈 : 위팔동맥 또는 넙다리 동맥을 사용하여 천자부를 소독한 다음, 프로카인 국소마취를 한다. 채혈자 왼손의 가운데손가락과 둘째손가락으로 동맥을 고정하고, 주사침을 동맥에 45~65℃의 각도로 찔러 넣어 채혈 후 몸쪽동맥을 엄지손가락으로 압박하면서 주사침을 빼고, 그 뒤 5분간쯤 찌른 부위를 압박한다. |
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| 영문 | blood-brain barrier(BBB) | 한글 | 혈뇌장벽 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 뇌와 척수에는 혈류로부터 어떤 물질이 유입되는 것을 막는 장벽이다. 이것은 뇌와 척수에 존재하는 모세혈관의 투과성이 비교적 다른 모세혈관의 투과성보다 떨어지기 때문이다. |
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| 영문 | blood sugar | 한글 | 혈당 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 혈액 속에 포함되어 있는 포도당. 뇌와 적혈구의 에너지원이 되고, 그 양은 운동, 식사 따위에 의하여 달라진다. 건강인의 아침 공복시 혈중 포도당 농도는 60~100mg/dL 이지만 기타의 당질 즉 과당, 갈락토스, 5탄당은 미량이며 일반적으로 혈당이라 하면 혈중포도당을 의미한다. 혈당은 생체의 에너지원으로서 가장 중요한 물질이다. 그 농도는 장관으로부터의 흡수, 간에 있어서의 당신생과 글리코겐이 합성-분해, 말초조직의 당이용 콩팥으로부터의 배설 등 여러 인자에 의해 좌우되며 그 조절에는 자율신경과 각종 호르몬이 밀접하게 관계한다. 특히 혈당저하작용에는 인슐린이, 그리고 혈당상승작용에는 에피네프린, 글루카곤, 성장호르몬, 부신겉질호르몬, 부신겉질자극호르몬, 갑상샘 호르몬이 관계가 있으며 그것들의 대항 및 협조작용에 의해 혈당치가 조절된다. |
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| 영문 | blood pressure | 한글 | 혈압 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 혈압이란 혈관에 걸리는 압력을 말하는 것으로 대개 특별한 설명이 없으면 동맥의 압력을 말한다. 혈압에는 수축기혈압(systolic blood pressure)과 이완기혈압(diastolic blood pressure)이 있다. 수축기혈압이란 심장이 수축할 경우에 동맥에 걸리는 압력을 말하고, 이완기 혈압이란 심장이 이완할 경우에 동맥에 걸리는 압력을 말한다. 당연히 수축기 혈압이 이완기 혈압보다 높다. 혈압을 말할 때에 예를 들어 120/80mmHg이라고 적는 것의 앞의 것은 수축기 혈압을 의미하고 뒤에 적는 80은 이완기 혈압을 의미한다. |
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| CBF | capillary blood flow; cerebral blood flow; ciliary beat frequency; coronary blood flow; cortical blo... |
|---|---|
| HBF | hand blood flow; hemispheric blood flow; hemoglobinuric bilious fever; hepatic blood flow; hypothala... |
| BD | barbital-dependent; barbiturate dependence; base deficit; base of prism down; basophilic degeneratio... |
| BF | bentonite flocculation; bile flow; black female; blastogenic factor; blister fluid; blood flow; body... |
| BL | Barre-Lieou [syndrome]; basal lamina; baseline; Bessey-Lowry [unit]; black light; bladder; bleeding;... |
| myocardial infarct imaging | <radiology> Tc-99m pyrophosphate (PYP) 20 mCi, peak abnormality 2-3 days, often falsely negative before 2 days, abnormal for 7-10 days, mechanism: calcium influx into ischemic cells, PYP incorporated into crystalline structure, analogous to hydroxyapatite see: nuclear cardiology (12 Dec 1998) |
|---|---|
| myocardial perfusion imaging | <radiology> (thallium scanning) thallium (Tl) 201, acts as potassium analog, dose 2.0 - 3.0 mCi at peak exercise, 4% of injected dose reaches myocardium, imaging: exercise (1-5 min), redistribution (3-4 hrs), views: anterior, LAO 45', left lateral, interpretation: normal, reversible abnormalitymost likely to be exercise-induced ischemia, nonreversible abnormalitymost likely to be prior myocardial infarction, reverse redistribution most likely to be normal areas wash out faster, lung activity most likely to be LV failure during exercise see also: dipyridamole test, nuclear cardiology (12 Dec 1998) |
| hepatobiliary imaging | <radiology> The hepatobiliary scan (Tc-99m DISIDA or MBF) is the initial procedure of choice to diagnose acute cholecystitis., Sensitivity 95% False negatives: acalculous cholecystitis, Specificity 95% False positives: non-fasting state, alcoholism, parenteral nutrition (TPN), acute pancreatitis, recent narcotic use, hepatocellular disease (12 Dec 1998) |
| high-resolution imaging | <technique> High Resolution Electron Microscopy is phase contrast microscopy of the atomic structure of materials. In most crystalline inorganic materials and a number of polymeric materials HREM allows the imaging of individual atomic columns. The images can frequently be interpreted in terms of the projected crystal potential, although it is often necessary to match the experimental images with those calculated from multislice algorithms. Allows direct measurement of lattice parameters, inspection of individual defects and grain orientation. (05 Aug 1998) |
| secondary electron imaging | <microscopy> Production of secondary electrons is very topography related. Due to their low energy, 5eV, only secondaries that are very near the surface (less than 10nm) can exit the sample and be examined. Any changes in topography in the sample that are larger than this sampling depth will change the yield of secondaries due to collection efficiencies. Collection of these electrons is aided by using a collector in conjunction with the secondary electron detector. The collector is a grid or mesh with a +100V potential applied to it which is placed in front of the detector, attracting the negatively charged secondary electrons to it which then pass through the grid-holes and into the detector to be counted. When a Secondary Electrons collide with the solid-state saemiconductor detector an electron-hole pairs are created which are then counted. This quantity is translated into a pixel intensity and displayed on the CRT, forming the image. (05 Aug 1998) |
| neoplasm: gallium imaging | <radiology> Useful: Hodgkin disease and histiocytic form of NHL poor sensitivity below the diaphragm, Burkitt lymphoma: almost 100% sensitivity, hepatoma: 90% sensitivity, melanoma: 90% sensitivity, leukaemia possibly useful: NHL: good for large and mediastinal lesions, nodal metastases from seminoma and embryonal cell carcinoma: 87% sensitivity, non-small cell lung CA: 85% sensitive not useful: head and neck, GI (especially adenocarcinoma), breast, gynaecological, kiddie tumours see: gallium: indications (12 Dec 1998) |
| nuclear magnetic resonance imaging | A special imaging technique used to image internal stuctures of the body, particularly the soft tissues. An MRI image is often superior to a normal X-ray image. It uses the influence of a large magnet to polarize hydrogen atoms in the tissues and then monitors the summation of the spinning energies within living cells. Images are very clear and are particularly good for soft tissue, brain and spinal cord, joints and abdomen. These scans may be used for detecting some cancers or for following their progress. Acronym: MRI (11 Nov 1997) |
| dark field imaging | <microscopy> Using a single diffracted beam to form the image in a transmission electron microscope. This causes all regions of the specimen not of the same crystal structure and orientation as the region which produced the diffracted beam to be represented as very dark in the final image, allowing phase differentiation visually in the transmission electron microscope. (05 Aug 1998) |
| diagnostic imaging | Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy. (12 Dec 1998) |
| dipyridamole-thallium imaging | <radiology> Myocardial perfusion imaging for patients who cannot exercise, dipyridamole, potent coronary vasodilator, dose: 300 mg IV, side effects relieved by aminophyllin, thallium given when: symptomatic, HR increased 10 bpm, diastolic BP decreased 10 mm Hg, 45 min after PO dose (12 Dec 1998) |
| imaging | Radiological production of a clinical image using X-rays, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, radionuclide scanning, thermography, etc.; especially, cross-sectional imaging, such as ultrasonography, CT, or MRI. Origin: see image (05 Mar 2000) |
| imaging agents | Proteins developed to act as imaging or contrast agents for use with various types of bodyscanners. The proteins, usually antibodies, bind to specific tissue types, usually tumours, and allow the scanner to distinguish those tissues from the surrounding tissue very easily. (14 Nov 1997) |
| imaging department | The diagnostic radiology department. See: imaging, radiology. (05 Mar 2000) |
| inflammation: gallium imaging | <radiology> Pathophysiology: leakage of protein-bound Ga-67 into extracellular space secondary to increased capillary permeability, Ga-67 is preferentially bound to nonviable PMNs and macrophages, leukocyte incorporation (rich in lactoferrin), bacterial uptake (siderophores), inflammtory tissue stimulates lactoferrin production for chronic abdominal inflammation: 67% sensitivity; 64% specificity; 13% false negatives; 5% false positive, dose: 5 mCi; imaging: 24, 48, 72 hours, diffuse uptake in peritonitis, localised uptake in acute pyogenic abscess, phlegmon, acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, acute gastritis, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, surgical wound, pyelonephritis, perinephric abscess see: gallium indications, gallium vs. Indium (12 Dec 1998) |
| echo-planar imaging | A type of magnetic resonance imaging that uses only one nuclear spin excitation per image and therefore can obtain images in a fraction of a second rather than the minutes required in traditional mri techniques. It is used in a variety of medical and scientific applications. (12 Dec 1998) |