| 영문 | alkylating agent | 한글 | 알킬화약물 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 항암제의 일종. 이상적인 항암제는 정상적인 세포에는 해를 주지 않고 단지 암세포에만 치명적인 효과를 나타내야 한다. 이렇게 하려면 암세포만의 특이한 특성을 이해하고 그곳에만 작용하는 약물을 개발해야 한다. 현재 대부분의 항암제는 암세포가 정상 세포에 비하여 월등히 증식을 빨리한다는 특성을 이용하고 있다. 증식이 빠르다는 것은 다시 말하면 유전 정보를 가지고 있는 DNA의 복제가 빠르다는 것을 의미한다. 만약 DNA의 복제를 방해한다면 증식이 아주 빠른 암세포에게는 치명적이지만 영원히 증식을 하지 않는 DNA의 복제가 거의 필요없는)신경세포나 증식이 암세포에 비해서 아주 느린 정상세포에는 거의 영향을 주지 못한다. 하지만 신체에서도 증식이 암세포와 비슷한 수준으로 일어나는 정상적인 세포가 있는데 그것은 머리카락을 만드는 모낭세포와 소화관의 점막을 이루는 세포와 혈액의 세포를 만드는 골수 세포이다. 그러므로 항암제를 사용할 경우 암세포와 마찬가지로 이들 세포도 함께 치명적인 영향을 입을 것은 당연하다(그래서 항암제 치료시엔 머리가 빠지고 소화불량이 잘 온다). 알칼화약물의 경우에는 DNA와 직접 결합을 하여 DNA의 복제를 억제함으로써 항암제의 역할을 수행한다. |
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| 영문 | anti-inflammatory agent | 한글 | 항염증제, 소염제, 염증약 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 설명 | 국소에 작용하여 염증을 치료하고 방지하는 약. 염증을 가라앉히는 약을 말한다. 조직을 긴축-치밀하게 하여 장액과 점액의 분비를 줄이고, 표면에 있는 작은 혈관에 빈혈을 일으켜 충혈되는 것을 방지함으로써 염증적 병변을 제거하여 모든 증세를 없앤다. 대부분의 수렴제-완화제-진양제가 이에 속한다. 중요한 성분으로는 알루미늄-비스무트-아연-납화합물(병반-페르마톨-아연화-연당 등) 등이 있다. 작용에 따라 항염증진통제와 항염증효소제로 나뉜다. |
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| OSF | organ system failure; osteoclast-stimulating factor; outer spiral fiber; overgrowth stimulating fact... |
|---|---|
| FSHB | follicle-stimulating hormone, beta chain |
| TSHB | thyroid-stimulating hormone, beta chain |
| BB | bad breath; bed bath; beta blockade, beta blocker; BioBreeding [rat]; blanket bath; blood bank; bloo... |
| beta [Greek letter beta] | an anomer of a carbohydrate; buffer capacity; carbon separated from a carboxyl by one other carbon i... |
| 5 alpha-androstane 3 beta,17 beta-diol 7 alpha-hydroxylase | <enzyme> Requires NADPH, found in rat prostate microsomes Registry number: EC 1.14.13.- Synonym: artdl 7 alpha-hydroxylase (26 Jun 1999) |
|---|---|
| adrenal androgen-stimulating hormone | A putative pituitary hormone that may be responsible for increased secretion of adrenal androgens at the time of puberty. (05 Mar 2000) |
| macrophage colony-stimulating factor | <growth factor> A glycoprotein growth factor that causes the committed cell line to proliferate and mature into macrophages. A cytokine synthesised by mesenchymal cells that stimulates pluripotent stem cells of bone marrow into differentiating towards the production of monocytes (mononuclear phagocytes). The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of haematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. It is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a mw of 70 kD and binds to a single class of high affinity receptor which is identical to the product of the c-fms proto-oncogene. See: colony-stimulating factors. Chemical name: Colony-stimulating factor 1 Acronym: M-CSF (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, colony-stimulating factor | Cell surface receptors for colony-stimulating factors, local mediators, and hormones that regulate the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of haemopoietic cells. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor | Receptors that bind and internalise granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor. Their mw is believed to be 150 kD. These receptors are found mainly on a subset of myelomonocytic cells. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | Receptors that bind and internalise the granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor. Their mw is believed to be 84 kD. The most mature myelomonocytic cells, specifically human neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils, express the highest number of affinity receptors for this growth factor. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, macrophage colony-stimulating factor | Glycoproteins of mw 165 kD which are encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene. The binding of csf-1 to its receptors activates an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity resulting in autophosphorylation of the receptors on tyrosine, rapid receptor down-regulation, and phosphorylation of as yet unidentified physiologic substrates that initiate a mitogenic response. (12 Dec 1998) |
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone | <endocrinology> A releasing hormone produced in the mammalian hypophysis and related structures in lower vertebrates. Made up of _ MSH (1665D), the same as amino acids 1-13 of ACTH and _ MSH (18 amino acids, 22 in humans). Causes darkening of the skin by expansion of the melanophores but its role in mammals is unclear. Synonym: melanotropin. Acronym: MSH (22 Sep 2002) |
| granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor | <growth factor, haematology, oncology> A glycoprotein of 25 kD containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukaemic myeloid cell lines. A protein that stimulates the growth and maturation of granulocytes. It is used to promote the recovery of the white cells following chemotherapy. See: colony-stimulating factor. Acronym: G-CSF (12 Dec 1998) |
| granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | <growth factor, haematology, oncology> An acidic glycoprotein of mw 23 kD with internal disulfide bonds. It is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the haemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. It stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from foetal liver progenitor cells. It also has some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. It is used to promote the recovery of the white blood cells following chemotherapy. Chemical name: Colony-stimulating factor 2 See: colony-stimulating factor. Acronym: GM-CSF (12 Dec 1998) |
| colony-stimulating factor | <cell biology> A glycoprotein growth factor that regulates the differentiation of particular cells. These substances act in either paracrine or autocrine fashion on marrow cells, appear to act synergistically and can exert actions on several lines of progenitor cells, and influence end cell function. These lymphokines induce the maturation and proliferation of white blood cells from the primitive cell types present in bone marrow such as the leucocyte, macrophage and monocyte lines. These substances can also be made by recombinant DNA technology for use clinically to speed bone marrow recovery typically following chemotherapy. Acronym: CSF (18 Jul 2002) |
| multi-colony-stimulating factor | <cytokine> Product of mitogen activated T-cells: colony-stimulating factor for bone marrow stem cells and mast cells. A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and astrocytes which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells. It is considered one of the haematopoietic colony-stimulating factors. Synonym: multi-CSF Acronym: IL-3 (12 Dec 1998) |
| multipotential colony-stimulating factor | <cytokine> Product of mitogen activated T-cells: colony-stimulating factor for bone marrow stem cells and mast cells. A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and astrocytes which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells. It is considered one of the haematopoietic colony-stimulating factors. Synonym: multi-CSF Acronym: IL-3 (12 Dec 1998) |
| hormone, thyroid stimulating | A hormone produced by the pituitary gland (at the base of the brain) that promotes the growth of the thyroid gland (in the neck) and stimulates it to produce its thyroid hormones. Normally, the rate of thyroid hormone production is controlled by the pituitary. When there are insufficient thyroid hormones in the body for normal functioning of the cells, the pituitary releases tsh. Tsh in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to produce more thyroid hormones. In contrast, when there is excessive amount of thyroid hormones, the pituitary gland stops producing tsh. The tsh level then falls and thyroid hormone production is reduced. This mechanism maintains a relatively constant level of thyroid hormones circulating in the blood. This phenomenon is analogous to a thermostat used for temperature regulation in a room: when the temperature rises, the thermostat shuts the heater off and the room temperature falls back to normal. High levels of thyroid hormones cause the tsh level to fall, resulting in no further stimulation of the thyroid gland. In hyperthyroidism, there are continuously elevated levels of the thyroid hormones. Tsh is also known as thyrotropin. (12 Dec 1998) |
| natural killer cell stimulating factor | <cytokine> A 75 kD heterodimeric cytokine composed of disulfide-bonded 40 kD and 35 kD subunits that was originally identified by its ability to induce cytotoxic effector cells in synergy with less than optimal concentrations of interleukin-2. It is released by macrophages in response to infection and promotes the activation of cell-mediated immunity. Specifically, IL-12 triggers the maturation of Thl CD4 cells, specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and an increase in the activity of NK cells and consequently, it is the initiator of cell-mediated immunity. It enhances the lytic activity of NK cells, induces interferon production, stimulates the proliferation of activated T-cells and NK cells. Is secreted by human B lymphoblastoid cells (NC 37). May play a role in controlling immunoglobulin isotype selection as it also inhibits IgE synthesis (even in the presence of anti-IFN monoclonal antibody) and as a growth factor for activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells independently of interleukin-2, and for CD56+ NK cells but not resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells or resting or activated tonsillar B-cells. It is likely that interleukin 12 has a major role in protective immunity against viruses and is under study as an immunotherapy in HIV infection. Formerly referred to as cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor. Acronym: IL-12 (12 Dec 1998) |