| mollusk venoms | Venoms from mollusks, including the conus and octopus species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterised polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine. (12 Dec 1998) |
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| wasp venoms | Venoms produced by the wasp (vespid) family of stinging insects, including hornets; the venoms contain enzymes, biogenic amines, histamine releasing factors, kinins, toxic polypeptides, etc., and are similar to bee venoms. (12 Dec 1998) |
| scorpion venoms | Venoms from animals of the order scorpionida of the class arachnida. They contain neuro- and haemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterised, most are immunogenic. (12 Dec 1998) |
| hydrophid venoms | Venoms of sea snakes, hydrophiinae, found around pacific islands. The venoms contain fewer enzymes and more neuro- or myotoxins than land snakes. The neurotoxic proteins are similar to elapid small, short, or type I neurotoxins, some of which have been characterised. (12 Dec 1998) |
| snake venoms | Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors. (12 Dec 1998) |
| spider venoms | Venoms of arthropods of the order araneida of the arachnida. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including enzymes, haemolytic, neurolytic, and other toxins. (12 Dec 1998) |
| elapid venoms | Venoms from snakes of the family elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, haemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterised. (12 Dec 1998) |
| fish venoms | Venoms produced by fishes, including sharks and sting rays, usually delivered by spines. They contain various substances, including very labile toxins that affect the heart specifically and all muscles generally. (12 Dec 1998) |