| interferon type II | <chemical> The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated lymphocytes. It is structurally different from type I interferon (interferon type I) and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of class II histocompatibility antigens in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to autoimmune disease. Pharmacological action: antineoplastic agent, antiviral agents. Chemical name: Interferon-gamma (human lymphocyte protein moiety reduced) (12 Dec 1998) |
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| type II interferon | <chemical> The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated lymphocytes. It is structurally different from type I interferon (interferon type I) and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of class II histocompatibility antigens in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to autoimmune disease. Pharmacological action: antineoplastic agent, antiviral agents. Chemical name: Interferon-gamma (human lymphocyte protein moiety reduced) (12 Dec 1998) |
| type I interferon | <chemical> Interferon secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens, or allo-antigens. They include alpha- and beta-interferons (interferon-alpha and interferon-beta). Pharmacological action: antineoplastic agent, antiviral agents. (12 Dec 1998) |
| fibroblast interferon | <cytokine> One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. Synonym: fibroblast interferon. Pharmacological action: adjuvants, immunologic, antineoplastic agent, antiviral agents. Chemical name: Interferon-alphaB (human leukocyte protein moiety reduced) (12 Dec 1998) |
| leukocyte interferon | <cytokine> One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, causes activation of NK cells. It is used experimentally in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia. A number of different subtypes exist that are elaborated by leukocytes in response to viral infection or stimulation with double-stranded RNA; IFN-alpha-2A and -2B are protein products made by recombinant DNA techniques and are used as antineoplastic agents. See: interferon-alpha 2a, interferon-alpha 2b Synonym: leukocyte interferon. Pharmacological action: antineoplastic agent, antiviral agent. (20 Sep 2002) |
| Venereal Disease Research Laboratory | <microbiology> A blood test used to diagnose syphilis. Read as nonreactive or negative if you do not have syphilis. The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory can also be positive is cases of leprosy, malaria, mononucleosis, lupus, hepatitis A and pregnancy. Positive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory tests are usually followed up by a more specific test (FTA antibodies). (12 Jan 1998) |
| Medical Research Council | <organisation> A UK Government funded body to promote the balanced development of medical and related biological research in the United Kingdom. It organises national clinical trials for the assessment of new treatment protocols for leukaemia and some of the related diseases. (05 Jan 1998) |
| research | Careful, a diligent search, a close searching, studious inquiry or examination. (18 Nov 1997) |
| research, controlled | The first controlled clinical research was probably done in 1875 by the british naval surgeon james lind who, on board the hms salisbury, gave sailors with scurvy either oranges or lemons or cider or vinegar or nutmeg (or another treatment) and after just six days discovered that the citrus-consuming sailors had recovered from scury, until then the scourge of extended sea voyages, while the sailors who had been given the other treatments remained uncured. (12 Dec 1998) |
| research design | A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. (12 Dec 1998) |
| research personnel | Those individuals engaged in research. (12 Dec 1998) |
| research support | Financial support of research activities. (12 Dec 1998) |
| peer review, research | The evaluation by experts of the quality and pertinence of research or research proposals of other experts in the same field. Peer review is used by editors in deciding which submissions warrant publication, by granting agencies to determine which proposals should be funded, and by academic institutions in tenure decisions. (12 Dec 1998) |
| clinical nursing research | Research carried out by nurses in the clinical setting and designed to provide information that will help improve patient care. Other professional staff may also participate in the research. (12 Dec 1998) |
| clinical research trials | Evaluating the safety and effectiveness of medications or medical devices by monitoring their effects on large groups of people. Clinical medical trials sponsored by the U. S. Government are listed on a web site of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NIH Clinical Centre intends to make details of current clinical research studies for various diseases available over the Internet to increase opportunities for patients and physicians to participate in clinical investigations. (12 Dec 1998) |