| insulin pump | A device that delivers a continuous supply of insulin into the body. The insulin flows from the pump through a plastic tube that is connected to a needle inserted into the body and taped in place. Insulin is delivered at two rates: a low, steady rate (called the basal rate) for continuous day-long coverage, and extra boosts of insulin (called bolus doses) to cover meals or when extra insulin is needed. The pump runs on batteries and can be worn clipped to a belt or carried in a pocket. It is used by people with insulin-dependent diabetes. (09 Oct 1997) |
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| insulin reaction | A sudden uncontrolled decline in the blood sugar due to effects of insulin. (27 Sep 1997) |
| insulin receptor | Areas on the outer part of a cell that allow the cell to join or bind with insulin that is in the blood. When the cell and insulin bind together, the cell can take glucose (sugar) from the blood and use it for energy. (09 Oct 1997) |
| insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinase | <enzyme> A catalytic protein-tyrosine kinase domain found on the cytoplasmic beta-portion of the insulin receptor. Registry number: EC 2.7.1.- (12 Dec 1998) |
| insulin receptor substrate-1 protein | <chemical> Amino acid sequence given in first source; a 180 kD protein that contains multiple phosphorylated tyrosine residues after insulin stimulation; human and rat forms (hirs-1 and irs-1) are homologous Synonym: insulin receptor substrate-1-like protein, irs-1 protein, irs-1 gene product, hirs-1 protein, hirs-1 gene product, insulin receptor substrate 1, insulin receptor substrate-1 (05 Dec 1998) |
| insulin resistance | Many people with noninsulin-dependent diabetes produce enough insulin, but their bodies do not respond to the action of insulin. This may happen because the person is overweight and has too many fat cells, which do not respond well to insulin. Also, as people age, their body cells lose some of the ability to respond to insulin. Insulin resistance is also linked to high blood pressure and high levels of fat in the blood. Another kind of insulin resistance may happen in some people who take insulin injections. They may have to take very high doses of insulin every day (200 units or more) to bring their blood glucose (sugar) down to the normal range. (09 Oct 1997) |
| insulin shock | A severe condition that occurs when the level of blood glucose (sugar) drops quickly. The signs are shaking, sweating, dizziness, double vision, convulsions, and collapse. Insulin shock may occur when an insulin reaction is not treated quickly enough. See: hypoglycaemia. (09 Oct 1997) |
| insulin shock treatment | Formerly used treatment for serious mental disorders in which the patient was given insulin to induce a seizure; supplanted by electroshock therapy. (05 Mar 2000) |
| insulin unit | The activity contained in 1/22 mg of the international standard of zinc-insulin crystals. (05 Mar 2000) |
| insulin zinc suspension | A sterile buffered suspension with zinc chloride, containing 40 or 80 units per ml; the solid phase of the suspension consists of a mixture of 7 parts of crystalline insulin and 3 parts of amorphous insulin. Synonym: lente insulin. (05 Mar 2000) |
| insulin, isophane | <chemical> An intermediate-acting insulin with an approximate time of onset of 2 hours and duration of action of 24 hours, consisting of bovine or pork insulin reacted with zinc chloride and protamine to form a protein complex with a ratio of free and bound insulin, providing action intermediate between regular insulin and protamine zinc insulin. Pharmacological action: hypoglycaemic agents. Chemical name: Insulin Isophane (12 Dec 1998) |
| insulin, lente | <chemical> Sterile suspension, in a buffered water medium, of insulin modified by the addition of zinc chloride in a manner such that the solid phase of the suspension conisists of a mixture of crystals and amorphous material in a ratio of approximately 7:3. Pharmacological action: hypoglycaemic agents. Chemical name: Insulin zinc (12 Dec 1998) |
| insulin, protamine zinc | <chemical> A long-acting insulin with an approximate time of onset of 7 hours and duration of action 36 hours, consisting of bovine or pork insulin reacted with zinc chloride and protamine to form a protein complex from which insulin is slowly released. Pharmacological action: hypoglycaemic agents. Chemical name: Insulin protamine zinc (12 Dec 1998) |
| insulin-antagonizing factor | A principle in extracts of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis that raises the blood sugar and antagonises the action of insulin; purified pituitary growth hormone produces an identical effect. Synonym: insulin-antagonizing factor. (05 Mar 2000) |
| insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | A chronic condition in which the pancreas makes little or no insulin because the beta cells have been destroyed. The body is then not able to use the glucose (blood sugar) for energy. IDDM usually comes on abruptly, although the damage to the beta cells may begin much earlier. The signs of IDDM are a great thirst, hunger, a need to urinate often, and loss of weight. To treat the disease, the person must inject insulin, follow a diet plan, exercise daily, and test blood glucose several times a day. IDDM usually occurs in children and adults who are under age 30. This type of diabetes used to be known as juvenile diabetes, juvenile-onset diabetes, and ketosis-prone diabetes. (09 Oct 1997) |
| non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | <disease> An often mild form of diabetes mellitus of gradual onset, usually in obese individuals over age 35; absolute plasma insulin levels are normal to high, but relatively low in relation to plasma glucose levels; ketoacidosis is rare, but hyperosmolar coma can occur; responds well to dietary regulation and/or oral hypoglycaemic agents, but diabetic complications and degenerative changes can develop. (05 Mar 2000) |
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| nonsuppressible insulin-like activity | A blood protein (nsila) which mimics the biological activity of insulin in serum, but is not suppressed by insulin antibodies. During acid-ethanol extraction of cohn fraction III, 10% of the activity is found in the supernatant (nsila-s) and the remaining activity in the precipitate (nsila-p). The latter is a large molecular compound, much less stable than the soluble fraction. Nsila-s is a more potent growth factor than insulin and exhibits sulfation activity. (12 Dec 1998) |
| NPH insulin | isophane insulin |
| diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent | Diabetes mellitus characterised by insulin deficiency, sudden onset, severe hyperglycaemia, rapid progression to ketoacidosis, and death unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence. (12 Dec 1998) |
| diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent | Diabetes characterised by the ability to survive without ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. It is usually of slow onset and patients exhibit a tendency to obesity. (12 Dec 1998) |
| extended insulin zinc suspension | A long-acting insulin suspension, obtained from beef, with an approximate time of onset of 7 hours and a duration of action of 36 hours. Synonym: crystalline insulin zinc suspension. (05 Mar 2000) |
| ultralente insulin | A form of zinc precipitated insulin in suspension in which the particle size is large, and thus release into the bloodstream after subcutaneous injection is slow; it can be mixed with other insulins having different particle sizes to achieve different durations of activity. Can be derived from porcine, bovine, or genetically engineered human type. (05 Mar 2000) |
| lente insulin | A sterile buffered suspension with zinc chloride, containing 40 or 80 units per ml; the solid phase of the suspension consists of a mixture of 7 parts of crystalline insulin and 3 parts of amorphous insulin. Synonym: lente insulin. (05 Mar 2000) |