| genes, env | DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= gene products, rev), termed the rev-responsive element (rre). (12 Dec 1998) |
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| genes, erba | Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erythroblastosis virus, avian, hence erba) originally isolated from the avian erythroblastosis virus. The c-erba proto-oncogene encodes the thyroid hormone receptors (receptors, thyroid hormone). Two distinct c-erba proto-oncogenes have been identified, erba-alpha and erba-beta, each giving rise to at least two proteins. Erba-alpha is located at 17q21 on the long arm of chromosome 17. Erba-beta is located at 3p24 on the short arm of chromosome 3. The v-erba oncogene potentiates cell transformation through inhibition of spontaneous differentiation of cells already transformed by the v-erbb gene and eliminates growth requirements of transformed erythroblasts. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, erbb | Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbb) originally isolated from, or related to, the avian erythroblastosis virus (aev). These genes code for the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) family of receptors which is important in the control of normal cell proliferation and in the pathogenesis of human cancer. The genes include erbb-1 (genes, erbb-1), erbb-2 (genes, erbb-2), and erbb-3, all of which show abnormalities of expression in various human neoplasms. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, erbb-1 | Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbb) originally isolated from the avian erythroblastosis virus (aev). The oncogene v-erbb arose by insertion of viral DNA into the c-erbb-1 proto-oncogene resulting in expression of a protein lacking the amino-terminal ligand-binding domain. V-erbb is the primary transforming gene of aev and abrogates the requirements for other mitogens. The proto-oncogene c-erbb-1 codes for the protein epidermal growth factor receptor (epidermal growth factor receptor-urogastrone). Overexpression of the gene occurs in a wide range of tumours, commonly squamous carcinomas of various sites and less commonly adenocarcinomas. The human c-erbb-1 gene is located at 7p12-13 on the short arm of chromosome 7. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, erbb-2 | Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbb) related to the c-erbb-1 gene and identified by probes from c-erbb-1 or its avian viral homologue v-erbb. The proto-oncogene erbb-2 (c-erbb-2) codes for a protein that has structural features indicative of a growth factor receptor with close similarity to the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor. Overexpression and amplification of the gene is associated with adenocarcinomas and with poor prognosis in breast carcinomas. The human c-erbb-2 gene is located at 17p12-21 on the short arm of chromosome 17. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, fms | Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fms) originally isolated from the susan mcdonough strain of feline sarcoma virus (sm-fesv). The proto-oncogene fms (c-fms) codes for a protein (csf-1) that is a member of the transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor family. The human c-fms gene is located at 5q33.3 on the long arm of chromosome 5. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, fos | Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fos) originally isolated from the finkel-biskis-jinkins (fbj-msv) and finkel-biskis-reilly (fbr-msv) murine sarcoma viruses. The proto-oncogene protein c-fos codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. The insertion of c-fos into fbj-msv or fbr-msv induces osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The human c-fos gene is located at 14q21-31 on the long arm of chromosome 14. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, fungal | The genetic material of fungi. It includes mating type genes of saccharomyces cerevisiae. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, gag | DNA sequences that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. Gag is short for group-specific antigen. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, helminth | The hereditary material of helminths. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, homeobox | Highly conserved DNA sequences which have been identified in specific gene transcripts ranging from those of drosophila melanogaster to mouse and human. Homeobox genes function, in part, to generate DNA-binding proteins with an evolutionary conserved approximately 60-residue sequence (homeodomain proteins). (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, immediate-early | Genes that show rapid and transient expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral genes where immediate-early referred to transcription immediately following virus integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular genes which are expressed immediately after resting cells are stimulated by extracellular signals such as growth factors and neurotransmitters. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, immunoglobulin | Genes encoding the light and heavy chain segments of immunoglobulins. Light chain gene segments are symbolised l-v (variable), j (joining) and c (constant); ig heavy chain segments have, in addition, a diversity (d) gene. Each segment codes for certain amino acids, and each has a different nucleotide sequence; the genes are assembled by a remarkable shuffling of the segments during b lymphocyte maturation. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, insect | The hereditary material of insects. (12 Dec 1998) |
| genes, intracisternal a-particle | A family of retrovirus-like genetic elements coding for virus-like particles found regularly in early rodent embryos (2-cell to blastocyst stage), but which, under certain circumstances such as DNA hypomethylation, are transcribed in a wide variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas. (12 Dec 1998) |