| FD | familial dysautonomia; family doctor; fan douche; fatal dose; fetal danger; fibrin derivative; fibro... |
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| QF | quality factor; query fever; quick freeze; relative biological effectiveness |
| NAAG | N-Acetyl Aspartyl Glutamate |
| SGPT | Serum Glutamate(Glutamic) Pyruvate(Pyruvic Acid) Transaminase = ALT |
| GDH | glucose dehydrogenase; glutamate dehydrogenase; glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; glycol dehydrogenase... |
| freeze etching | If a freeze fractured specimen is left for any length of time before shadowing, then water will sublime off from the specimen etching (lowering) those surfaces that are not protected by a lipid bilayer. Some etching will take place following any freeze cleavage process, in deep etching the ice surface is substantially lowered to reveal considerable detail of, for example: cytoplasmic filament systems. (18 Nov 1997) |
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| freeze fracture | Method of specimen preparation for the electron microscope in which rapidly frozen tissue is cracked so as to produce a fracture plane through the specimen. The surface of the fracture plane is then shadowed by heavy metal vapour, strengthened by a carbon film and the underlying specimen is digested away, leaving a replica that can be picked up on a grid and examined in the transmission electron microscope. The great advantage of the method is that the fracture plane tends to pass along the centre of lipid bilayers and it is therefore possible to get en face views of membranes that reveal the pattern of Integral membrane proteins. The E face is the outer lamella of the plasma membrane viewed as if from within the cell, the P face the inner lamella viewed from outside the cell. Fracture planes also often pass along lines of weakness such as the interface between cytoplasm and membrane, so that outer and inner membrane surfaces can be viewed. Further information about the structure can be revealed by freeze etching. Extremely rapid freezing followed by deep etching has allowed the structure of the cytoplasm to be studied without the artefacts that might be introduced by fixation. (18 Nov 1997) |
| freeze fracturing | Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica. (12 Dec 1998) |
| freeze substitution | A modification of the freeze-drying method in which the ice within the frozen tissue is replaced by alcohol or other solvent at a very low temperature. (12 Dec 1998) |
| arginine glutamate | A compound composed of arginine and glutamic acid, given intravenously to detoxify ammonia; used in the treatment of ammoniaemia resulting from liver dysfunction. (05 Mar 2000) |
| receptors, glutamate | Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behaviour of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (ampa, kainate, and n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases. (12 Dec 1998) |
| receptors, metabotropic glutamate | Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through g-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action. (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate | <biochemistry, physiology> Major fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. See: glutamate receptor. Also the excitatory neuromuscular transmitter in arthropod skeletal muscles. (18 Nov 1997) |
| glutamate-1-saemialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase | <enzyme> Catalyses the conversion of glutamate 1-saemialdehyde to 5-aminolevulinate via 4,5-diaminovalerate in pyridoxane-dependent reactions; genbank x82072 (heml protein from pseudomonas aeruginosa) Registry number: EC 5.4.3.8 Synonym: glu-s-aminotransferase, glutamate-1-saemialdehyde aminotransferase, heml protein, heml gene product (26 Jun 1999) |
| glutamate acetyltransferase | <enzyme> An enzyme catalyzing transfer of an acetyl group from N2-acetylornithine to l-glutamate forming l-ornithine and N-acetyl-l-glutamate, an activator of the urea cycle. Synonym: ornithine acetyltransferase. (05 Mar 2000) |
| glutamate aminotransferase | <enzyme> Aromatic keto acid acts as amine acceptor Registry number: EC 2.6.1.- (26 Jun 1999) |
| glutamate-ammonia ligase | <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of ATP, l-glutamate, and nh3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and l-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-l-glutamate. Chemical name: L-Glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) Registry number: EC 6.3.1.2 (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate-cysteine ligase | <enzyme> One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyses the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. Chemical name: L-Glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming) Registry number: EC 6.3.2.2 (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate decarboxylase | <enzyme> A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyses the alpha-decarboxylation of l-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining gaba levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on l-cysteate, l-cysteine sulfinate, and l-aspartate. Chemical name: L-Glutamate-1-carboxy-lyase Registry number: EC 4.1.1.15 (12 Dec 1998) |
| glutamate dehydrogenase | <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of l-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and nh3 in the presence of NAD+. Chemical name: L-Glutamate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (deaminating) Registry number: EC 1.4.1.2 (12 Dec 1998) |