| area under curve | A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the auc from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (12 Dec 1998) |
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| area under the curve | A measure of how much of a drug reaches the bloodstream in a set period of time, usually 24 hours. AUC is calculated by plotting drug blood concentration at various times during a 24-hour or longer period and then measuring the area under the curve between 0 and 24 hours as shown in the figure to the right. (09 Oct 1997) |
| under | In a lower, subject, or subordinate condition; in subjection; used chiefly in a few idiomatic phrases; as, to bring under, to reduce to subjection; to subdue; to keep under, to keep in subjection; to control; to go under, to be unsuccessful; to fail. "I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection." (1 Cor. Ix. 27) "The minstrel fell, but the foeman's chain Could not bring his proud soul under." (Moore) Under is often used in composition with a verb to indicate lowness or inferiority in position or degree, in the act named by the verb; as, to underline; to undermine; to underprop. 1. Below or lower, in place or position, with the idea of being covered; lower than; beneath; opposed to over; as, he stood under a tree; the carriage is under cover; a cellar extends under the whole house. "Fruit put in bottles, and the bottles let down into wells under water, will keep long." (Bacon) "Be gathered now, ye waters under heaven, Into one place." (Milton) 2. Hence, in many figurative uses which may be classified as follows. Denoting relation to some thing or person that is superior, weighs upon, oppresses, bows down, governs, directs, influences powerfully, or the like, in a relation of subjection, subordination, obligation, liability, or the like; as, to travel under a heavy load; to live under extreme oppression; to have fortitude under the evils of life; to have patience under pain, or under misfortunes; to behave like a Christian under reproaches and injuries; under the pains and penalties of the law; the condition under which one enters upon an office; under the necessity of obeying the laws; under vows of chastity. "Both Jews and Gentiles . . . Are all under sin." (Rom. Iii. 9) "That led the embattled seraphim to war Under thy conduct." (Milton) "Who have their provand Only for bearing burdens, and sore blows For sinking under them." (Shak) Denoting relation to something that exceeds in rank or degree, in number, size, weight, age, or the like; in a relation of the less to the greater, of inferiority, or of falling short. "Three sons he dying left under age." (Spenser) "Medicines take effect sometimes under, and sometimes above, the natural proportion of their virtue." (Hooker) "There are several hundred parishes in England under twenty pounds a year." (Swift) "It was too great an honor for any man under a duke." (Addison) Hence, it sometimes means at, with, or for, less than; as, he would not sell the horse under sixty dollars. "Several young men could never leave the pulpit under half a dozen conceits." (Swift) Denoting relation to something that comprehends or includes, that represents or designates, that furnishes a cover, pretext, pretense, or the like; as, he betrayed him under the guise of friendship; Morpheus is represented under the figure of a boy asleep. "A crew who, under names of old renown . . . Abused Fanatic Egypt." (Milton) "Mr. Duke may be mentioned under the double capacity of a poet and a divine." (Felton) "Under this head may come in the several contests and wars betwixt popes and the secular princes." (C. Leslie) Less specifically, denoting the relation of being subject, of undergoing regard, treatment, or the like; as, a bill under discussion. "Abject and lost, lay these, covering the flood, Under amazement of their hideous change." (Milton) Under arms. <medicine> In a condition to make progress; having started. Origin: AS. Under, prep. & adv.; akin to OFries. Under, OS. Undar, D. Onder, G. Unter, OHG. Untar, Icel. Undir, Sw. & Dan. Under, Goth. Undar, L. Infra below, inferior lower, Skr. Adhas below. Cf. Inferior. Lower in position, intensity, rank, or degree; subject; subordinate; generally in composition with a noun, and written with or without the hyphen; as, an undercurrent; undertone; underdose; under-garment; underofficer; undersheriff. <zoology> Under covert, one of the feathers situated beneath the bases of the quills in the wings and tail of a bird. Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998) |
| blood pressure, high | High blood pressure (hypertension) is a repeatedly elevated blood pressure exceeding 140 over 90 mmHg. High blood pressure is also called the silent killer. Chronically high blood pressure can cause blood vessel changes in the back of the eye (retina), thickening of the heart muscle, kidney failure, and brain damage. No specific cause for high blood pressure is found in 95% of patients. High blood pressure is treated with salt restriction, regular aerobic exercise, and medications. (12 Dec 1998) |
| chromatography, high pressure liquid | Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed. (12 Dec 1998) |
| high blood pressure | <cardiology> Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Hypertension may have no known cause (essential or idiopathic hypertension) or be associated with other primary diseases (secondary hypertension). This condition is considered a risk factor for the development of heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke and kidney disease. (29 Sep 1997) |
| high-pressure | 1. Having or involving a pressure greatly exceeding that of the atmosphere; said of steam, air, water, etc, and of steam, air, or hydraulic engines, water wheels, etc. 2. Urgent; intense; as, a high-pressure business or social life. High-pressure engine, an engine in which steam at high pressure is used. It may be either a condensing or a noncondensing engine. Formerly the term was used only of the latter. See Steam engine. Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998) |
| high-pressure liquid chromatography | <investigation> A lab technique, a type of column chromatography, which uses a combination of several separation techniques to separate substances at higher resolution. Extremely sharp peaks on the elution profile can be produced with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (09 Oct 1997) |
| high pressure nervous syndrome | <syndrome> A syndrome of tremors, nausea, dizziness, and decreased motor and mental performance which develops in those who dive deeply (c. 1000 ft) usually breathing a mixture of oxygen and helium. Nitrogen is not a factor as it is in inert gas narcosis. (12 Dec 1998) |
| alactic oxygen debt | That part of the oxygen debt that is not lactacid oxygen debt; during recovery, stores of ATP and creatine phosphate must be replenished by oxidative metabolism, and a small amount of oxygen is also needed to restore the normal oxyhemoglobin levels throughout the circulating blood. (05 Mar 2000) |
| alveolar-arterial oxygen difference | The difference or gradient between the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar spaces and the arterial blood: P(A-a)02. Normally in young adults this value is less than 20 mm Hg. See: alveolar gas equation. (05 Mar 2000) |
| arteriovenous oxygen difference | <physiology> The difference in the oxygen content (in ml per 100 ml blood) between arterial and venous blood. (05 Mar 2000) |
| biochemical oxygen demand | The amount of oxygen aerobicorganisms need to carry out oxidative metabolism in watercontaining organic matter, such as sewage. (09 Oct 1997) |
| carbon-oxygen ligases | <enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. Registry number: EC 6.1 (12 Dec 1998) |
| carbon-oxygen lyases | <enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Registry number: EC 4.2 (12 Dec 1998) |