| high output failure | Heart failure in which, despite relative myocardial insufficiency and consequent congestive heart failure, the cardiac output is maintained at normal or supernormal levels, as is sometimes seen in emphysema, thyrotoxicosis, etc. (05 Mar 2000) |
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| low output failure | Heart failure in which the cardiac output is subnormal, as is usually seen in failure due to coronary, hypertensive, or valvular heart disease. (05 Mar 2000) |
| cardiac output, high | A state of elevated cardiac output. Conditions that lower peripheral vascular resistance, such as anaemia, arteriovenous fistulas, thyrotoxicosis, and pregnancy, are among the most important factors augmenting the venous return and therefore elevating cardiac output. Increased cardiac output also occurs in muscular exercise, fever, and severe anoxia. (12 Dec 1998) |
| backward heart failure | A concept (formerly considered mutually exclusive of forward heart failure) that maintains that the phenomena of congestive heart failure result from passive engorgement of the veins caused by a "backward" rise in pressure proximal to the failing cardiac chambers. Compare: forward heart failure. (05 Mar 2000) |
| congestive heart failure | A condition where there is ineffective pumping of the heart leading to an accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Typical symptoms include shortness of breath with exertion, difficulty breathing when lying flat and leg or ankle swelling. Causes include chronic hypertension, cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction. (27 Sep 1997) |
| heart failure | A condition where there is ineffective pumping of the heart leading to an accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Typical symptoms include shortness of breath with exertion, difficulty breathing when lying flat and leg or ankle swelling. Causes include chronic hypertension, cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction. (27 Sep 1997) |
| heart failure cells | Macrophages in the lung during left heart failure that often carry large amounts of haemosiderin. See: siderophore. (05 Mar 2000) |
| heart failure in kids | <radiology> Primary cardiomyopathy, aortic outflow obstruction, coarctation, supravalvular aortic stenosis, valvular aortic stenosis, noncardiac lesion, asphyxia, TTN (transient tachypnea of newborn), perinatal brain damage (IVH) see also: neonatal congestive heart failure (12 Dec 1998) |
| neonatal heart failure | <radiology> most likely cause, premature: patent ductus arteriosus, full term: hypoplastic left heart, 2nd week: coarctation and VSD aetiology, valvular stenosis, mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, aortic coarctation, vein of Galen aneurysm, infantile haemangioendothelioma of liver, hypoplastic left heart see also: congestive heart failure in kids (12 Dec 1998) |
| forward heart failure | A concept (formerly considered mutually exclusive of backward heart failure) that maintains that the phenomena of congestive heart failure result from the inadequate cardiac output, and especially from the consequent inadequacy of renal blood flow with resulting retention of sodium and water. Compare: backward heart failure. (05 Mar 2000) |
| left-sided heart failure | Inability of the left heart to maintain its circulatory load with corresponding rise in pressure in the pulmonary circulation usually with pulmonary congestion and ultimately pulmonary oedema. (05 Mar 2000) |
| cardiac output | A measurement of the blood flow through the heart to the systemic (and pulmonary) circulation. Cardiac output is expressed as volume of blood per unit time or litres/minute. Cardiac output can be calculated using the Fick method (oxygen consumption divided by arteriovenous oxygen difference) or by the thermodilution technique, using a Swan-Ganz catheter. (27 Sep 1997) |
| cardiac output, low | A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output, usually seen in patients with heart failure secondary to coronary artery, hypertensive, primary myocardial, valvular, or pericardial disease. (12 Dec 1998) |
| pacemaker output | Electrical energy delivered into a standard load (500 ohms resistance). (05 Mar 2000) |
| minute output | A measurement of the blood flow through the heart to the systemic (and pulmonary) circulation. Cardiac output is expressed as volume of blood per unit time or litres/minute. Cardiac output can be calculated using the Fick method (oxygen consumption divided by arteriovenous oxygen difference) or by the thermodilution technique, using a Swan-Ganz catheter. (27 Sep 1997) |