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¿µ¹® diphtheria ÇÑ±Û µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
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  Àẹ±â´Â 1~7ÀÏÀ̸ç ÃʱâÁõ»óÀº ¾î´À ºÎÀ§¿¡ À§¸·ÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ¿Í ±× À§¸· Çü¼ºÀÌ ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ ¹üÀ§¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ°¡ »ý»êÇϴ µ¶¼Ò°¡ µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ°¡ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¹®Á¦ Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« ¿øÀÎÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±× µ¶¼ÒÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ±â´ÉÀ» ¾ø¾Ö´Â Ç×ü¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î¼­ Åõ¿©Çϴ Ç×Ç÷û¿ä¹ýÀÌ ½ÃÇàµÇ¾î¼­ Ä¡¸íÀ²Àº 3~20%·Î ³·¾ÆÁ³À¸³ª Èĵθ¦ Ä§¹ü´çÇÑ Áõ·ÊÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Ä¡»çÀ²ÀÌ ³ô´Ù. µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¹æÁ¢Á¾À¸·Î À¯º´ÀÚ°¡ ÁÙ¾úÀ¸¸ç Ä¡»çÀ²µµ 10ºÐÀÇ 1·Î ÁÙ¾ú´Ù.
¿µ¹® bacillus ÇÑ±Û ¹Ù½Ç·ç½º, ¸·´ë±Õ
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  ¼¼±Õ Áß¿¡¼­ ±æÂßÇϰԠ»ý±ä °ÍÀ» À̸£´Â ¸».
¿µ¹® acid-fast bacillus ÇÑ±Û Ç׻긷´ë±Õ, Ç×»ê±Õ
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  ¾Æ´Ò¸° »ö¼Ò¿¡ ¿°»öµÇ±â Èûµå³ª ÀÏ´Ü ¿°»öµÇ¸é °­»êÀ¸·Î Ã³¸®ÇÏ¿©µµ Å»»öµÇÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϴ ¼¼±ÕÀ» ÅëÆ²¾î À̸£´Â ¸». °áÇØ±Õ, ³ªº´±Õ µûÀ§°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
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  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
  • diphtheria antitoxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾ÆÇ×µ¶¼Ò
  • acid-fast bacillus
    Ç׻긷´ë±Õ, Ç×»ê±Õ
  • bacillus
    ¸·´ë±Õ, °£±Õ, ¹Ù½Ç·ç½º
  • Bacillus anthracis
    źÀú±Õ
  • Bacillus subtilis
    °íÃʱÕ
  • coliform bacillus
    ´ëÀå±Õ, Äݸ®Æû¸·´ë±Õ
  • drumstick bacillus
    ºÏä±Õ
  • diphtheroid bacillus
    µðÇÁÅ×·ÎÀ̵帷´ë±Õ
  • enteric bacillus
    âÀÚ¸·´ë±Õ, Àå°£±Õ
  • fusiform bacillus
    ¹æÃ߸·´ë±Õ, ¹æÃßÇü°£±Õ
  • Hansen¡¯s bacillus
    ÇѼ¾±Õ, ÇѼ¾¸·´ë±Õ
´ëÇÑÀÇÇù Çʼö ÀÇÇпë¾îÁý »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 5 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
  • Bacillus anthracis
    źÀú±Õ
  • bacillus
    ¸·´ë±Õ, ¹Ù½Ç·ç½º
  • acid-fast bacillus
    Ç׻긷´ë±Õ, Ç×»ê±Õ
  • tubercle bacillus
    °áÇÙ±Õ
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • diphtheria antitoxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾ÆÇ×µ¶¼Ò
  • diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
  • extrarespiratory diphtheria
    ±âµµ¿ÜµðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
  • scarlatinal diphtheria
    ¼ºÈ«¿­µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
  • acid-fast bacillus
    Ç׻긷´ë±Õ, Ç×»ê±Õ
  • bacillus
    ¹Ù½Ç·ç½º, ¸·´ë±Õ
  • Bacillus anthracis
    źÀú±Õ
  • bacillus subtilis
    °íÃʱÕ
  • coliform bacillus
    ´ëÀå±Õ
  • diphtheroid bacillus
    µðÇÁÅ×·ÎÀ̵帷´ë±Õ
  • drumstick bacillus
    ºÏä±Õ
  • enteric bacillus
    âÀÚ¸·´ë±Õ
  • fusiform bacillus
    ¹æÃ߸·´ë±Õ
  • tetanus bacillus
    ÆÄ»ódz±Õ
  • tubercle bacillus
    °áÇÙ±Õ
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù 2 ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis =DTP
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ Åן´©½º ¹éÀÏÇØ ¿¹¹æÁÖ »ç¾×.
  • antitoxin, diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ Ç×µ¶¼Ò
  • pharyngeal diphtheria
    ÀεεðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ.
  • BCG=£¾ Bacillus Calmette Gu rin vaccina tion
    BCG Á¢Á¾.
  • BCG=£¾ Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccination
    BCG Á¢Á¾.
  • Bacillus
    ¹Ù½Ç·ç½º(¼Ó)
  • Bacillus Calmette Gue rin vaccine =BCG v.
    BCG ¹é½Å.
  • Bacillus Calmette-Gu rin
    Ä®¸ÞÆ®-±¸¿¡¸°°£±Õ
  • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin =BCG
    Ä®¸ÞÆ®-±¸¿¡¸° °£±Õ.
  • Bacillus Calmette-Guerin =BCG
    Ä®¸ÞÆ®-±¸¿¡¸° °£±Õ.
  • Bacillus anthracis
    źÀú±Õ
  • Bacillus anthracis
    źÀú±Õ, ¹Ù½Ç·ç½º ¾ÈÆ®¶ó½Ã½º±Õ
  • Bacillus cereus
    ¼¼·¹¿ì½º±Õ
  • Bacillus subtilis
    °íÃʱÕ(ͽõ®Ð¶).
  • Bacillus subtilis
    °íÃʱÕ(ͽõ®Ð¶).
¿¾ ´ëÇÑÀÇÇù 3 ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • antitoxin, diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ Ç×µ¶¼Ò
  • cutaneous diphtheria
    ÇǺΠµðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
  • diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
  • diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ.
  • diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
  • diphtheria antitoxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ Ç×µ¶¼Ò
  • diphtheria antitoxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ Ç×µ¶¼Ò(¡­ù÷Ô¸áÈ).
  • diphtheria carrier
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ º¸±ÕÀÚ (¡­ÜÁжíº).
  • diphtheria toxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ µ¶¼Ò
  • diphtheria toxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ µ¶¼Ò.
  • diphtheria toxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æµ¶¼Ò
  • diphtheria toxoid
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ À¯µ¶¼Ò
  • diphtheria toxoid
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ Åå¼ÒÀ̵å.
  • diphtheria, laryngeal
    ÈĵεðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
  • diphtheria, laryngotracheobronchial
    Èĵαâ°üÁö µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
´ëÇÑ»ýÈ­ÇкÐÀÚ»ý¹°ÇÐȸ ¿ë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 1 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • diphtheria toxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ µ¶¼Ò(Ô¸áÈ)
KI ÀÇÇпë¾î »çÀü °Ë»ö À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 2 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
  • bacillus
    ¹Ù½Ç·ç¼ö, °£±Õ, °£Á¦
  • diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ
KMLE ÀÇÇоà¾î »çÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 5 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
LDB lamb dysentery bacillus; Legionnaires' disease bacillus
AFB Acid-Fast Bacillus(Type that causes Tuberculosis)
BCG   1) Bacillus(Bacille)-Calmette-Gurin
  2) Bromo-Cresol Green
AFB acid-fast bacillus; aflatoxin B; air fluidized bed; aortofemoral bypass
Bac, bac Bacillus, bacillary
KMLE ÀÚµ¿ÃßÃâ ÀÇÇоà¾î »çÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 5 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
AFB Acid-fast bacillus
BCG Bacillus Calmette Geurin
B.s. Bacillus subtilis
B., t. Bacillus thuringiensis
Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Var israelensis
°æºÏ´ë Ä¡°ú´ëÇÐ ±¸°­³»°ú ±³½Ç »çÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
  • ¿µ¹®
    ÇѱÛ
    ¼³¸í
  • Corynebacterium diphtheria
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ ±Õ
    1. µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ º´¿øÃ¼. 1883³â E. Ŭ·¹ÇÁ½º
  • diphtheria antitoxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ Ç×µ¶¼Ò
    Di
  • diphtheria test
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ ½ÃÇè
  • diphtheria toxin
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ µ¶¼Ò
    Corynebacterium di
  • diphtheria toxoid
    µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ Åå¼ÒÀ̵å
    Corynebacterium di
  • bacillus
    °£±Õ, °£Á¦
    1. ¸·´ë±â ¸ð¾ç ¶Ç´Â ¿øÅëÇü ¼¼±Õ. ±× Å©±â¿Í ±æÀÌ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÏ°í ¾ç ³¡ÀÇ ¸ð¾çµµ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. °£±ÕÀº º¸Åë Èð¾îÁ® Àִµ¥, ¿¬¼º Çϰ¨±Õ°ú °°Àº °ÍÀº ¿©·¯ °³°¡ ¾ç ³¡ÀÌ ¼­·Î À̾îÁ®¼­ »ç½½Ã³·³ º¸À̹ǷΠ¿¬¼â °£±ÕÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù. ³ì³ó±Õ°ú °°ÀÌ ±ÕüÀÇ Çѳ¡¿¡ 1¡­3°³, ¶Ç´Â ÀåÆ¼Çª½º±Õ°ú °°ÀÌ ±ÕüÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ´Ù¼öÀÇ Æí¸ð°¡ ÀÖ¾î ¿îµ¿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íµµ ÀÖ°í, ÆÄ»ódz±ÕÀ̳ª źÀú±Õ µî°ú °°ÀÌ ±ÕüÀÇ ÇÑ ³¡ ¶Ç´Â Á߾Ӻο¡ Æ÷ÀÚ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °£±Õµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼¼±ÕÀÇ Æ÷ÀÚ´Â ¼¼±Õ ±Õü°¡ È޽ĻóÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î »ýȰ Çö»óÀº ¿µÀ§ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ¿Ü°èÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ÀúÇ×·ÂÀÌ °­ÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ³ª»Û »ýȰ Á¶°Ç ¾Æ·¡¼­µµ ¿À·¡ »ýÁ¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, Àû´çÇÑ È¯°æ¿¡¼­´Â ¹ß¾ÆÇؼ­ °íÀ¯ÀÇ ¼¼±Õ ±Õü·Î µÈ´Ù. Áï, ¼¼±ÕÀÇ Á¾ÀÚ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °¢ °£±ÕÀÇ ¸íĪÀº µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ±Õ, °áÇÙ±Õ µî°ú °°ÀÌ º¸Åë ±× °£±Õ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀϾ´Â º´¸íÀ» ºÙ¿©¼­ ¸í¸íÇÑ´Ù. 2. ¹Ù½Ç·ç½º¼ÓÀÇ ¼¼±Õ. Å« È£±â¼º, Åë»óÀÇ Çø±â¼º ¼¼±ÕÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÆ÷ Çü¼º, ¸·´ë ¸ð¾çÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷, ±×¶÷ ¾ç¼º, ¿îµ¿¼º µîÀ» ¶è´Ù. ÀÌ ±ÕÀº 48Á¾·ù°¡ ÀÖ°í º´À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Å³ª ÀÏÀ¸Å³ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ±ÕÀº 3Á¾·ù°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ³ª¸ÓÁö ±ÕµéÀº ºñº´¿ø¼º ºÎÆÐ±ÕµéÀÌ´Ù. Á¶Á÷ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù½Ç·ç½º¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ¸¹Àº »ý¹°Ã¼µéÀº ÇöÀç ´Ù¸¥ Á¾À¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 3. °íÃʱÕÀÌ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¼¼±ÕÀÇ ¼Ó. Àû¸®±Õ, ÆÄ»ódz ±Õ, ±Ù·ù±Õ, ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ¿¬ºÎ º´±Õ µî ÁÖ¸ð¼ºÀÎ °£»ó ±ÕÀÇ ¼Ó¸íÀ̾úÀ¸³ª °¢°¢ »õ·Î¿î ¼Ó¸íÀÌ ºÙ¾ú´Ù. ÇöÀç´Â °íÃʱÕÀ» ´ëÇ¥Àû ¼¼±ÕÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¾à 30¿© Á¾ÀÇ ¼¼±ÕÀÇ ¼Ó¸íÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀδÙ. ªÀº ¸·´ë ¸ð¾çÀÎ ±Õü ÁÖÀ§¿¡ Æí¸ð°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼¼±ÕÀ¸·Î ÈçÈ÷ ±æ°Ô ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ³»»ý Æ÷ÀÚ³ª Æ÷³¶ÀÌ »ý±â¸ç, ±×¶÷ ¾ç¼º±Õ°ú À½¼º±ÕÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ´Ü¹éÁúÀ̳ª ź¼öÈ­¹°À» ºÐÇØÇϸç, ¾î¶² °ÍÀº °¡½º¸¦ ¹ß»ý½ÃŲ´Ù. ¹ßÀ° ¿Âµµ´Â 28¡­55 ¡ÉÀ̸ç, ±ÕÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¶ó ÇöÀúÇÑ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù. º¸Åë Åä¾ç ¼Ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸¹°í, µå¹°°Ô´Â µ¿¹°, °ïÃæ¿¡ ±â»ýÇÏ¿© Áúº´ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. °íÃÊ±Õ ¿Ü¿¡ ±Ù»ó±Õ, °¨ÀÚ±Õ µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
  • Bacillus anthracis
    ¹Ù½Ç·ç½º ¾ÈÆ®¶ó½Ã½º, źÀú ±Õ
    ÇÏµî µ¿¹° ¹× »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô źÀú¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â º´¿ø±Õ.
  • Bacillus brevis
    ÇÁ·¹ºñ½º ±Õ
    Ç×»ý ¹°ÁúÀ» »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â ±Õ.
  • Bacillus cereus
    ¼¼·¹¿ì½º ±Õ
    ºÎÆÐ¼º ±Õ. º¸Åë ¿îµ¿¼º, È£±â¼ºÀÎ Æ÷ÀÚ Çü¼º±ÕÀ¸·Î¼­ ½ÄÁßµ¶À» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
  • Bacillus dysenteriae
    ÀÌÁú ±Õ
  • Bacillus faecalis alcaligenes
    ÆäÄ®¸®½º ¾ËÄ®¸®Á¦³×½º ±Õ
  • Bacillus fusiformis
    ¹æÃß±Õ
  • Bacillus mallei
    ºñÀú ±Õ
  • Bacillus necrophorus
    ³×Å©·ÎÆ÷·ç½º ±Õ
  • Bacillus parabotulinus
    ÆÄ¶óº¸Åø¸®´©½º ±Õ
CancerWEB ¿µ¿µ ÀÇÇлçÀü À¯»ç °Ë»ö °á°ú : 15 ÆäÀÌÁö: 1
avian diphtheria An infection by the fowlpox virus in which tracheal involvement is especially severe.
See: fowlpox.
Synonym: fowl diphtheria.
(05 Mar 2000)
calf diphtheria A necrotic oropharyngolaryngitis of calves associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum infection that may spread to the lungs.
(05 Mar 2000)
cutaneous diphtheria An ulcer resulting from infection of the skin by Corynebacterium diphtheriae; systemic manifestations are the same as those of pharyngeal diphtheria.
(05 Mar 2000)
diagnostic diphtheria toxin Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin diluted so that the inoculated dose (0.1 or 0.2 ml) will contain 1/50 th of guinea pig minimal lethal dose.
See: Schick test.
Synonym: diagnostic diphtheria toxin.
(05 Mar 2000)
diphtheria <infectious disease> An acute infectious disease caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, acquired by contact with an infected person or a carrier of the disease, which is usually confined to the upper respiratory tract.
It is characterised by the formation of a tough membrane (false membrane or pseudomembrane) attached firmly to the underlying tissue that will bleed if forcibly removed.
In the most serious infections the membrane begins in the tonsillar (faucial) area on one tonsil and may spread to involve the other tonsil, uvula, soft palate and pharyngeal wall, from where it may extend to the larynx, trachea and bronchial tree and may cause bronchial obstruction and death by hypoxia. Diphtheria also occurs in a cutaneous form and may rarely involve the eyes, middle ear, buccal mucosa, genitalia and umbilical stump, usually secondarily.
Systemic effects, chiefly myocarditis and peripheral neuritis, are caused by the exotoxin produced by C. Diphtheriae.
Synonym: Bretonneau's angina.
Origin: Gr. Diphthera = leather
(18 Nov 1997)
diphtheria antitoxin An equine antitoxin against the toxin of corynebacterium diphtheriae, used for the treatment of diphtheria. It is to be differentiated from diphtheria toxoid which is used for the prevention of diphtheria.
(12 Dec 1998)
diphtheria antitoxin unit The antitoxin activity of 0.0628 mg standard diphtheria antitoxin.
(05 Mar 2000)
diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine A vaccine consisting of diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and pertussis vaccine. It is usually given to infants three times at two-month intervals, generally at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. In most cases the vaccine causes only a temporary fever and discomfort, but in a few cases serious neurological side effects have been observed.
(12 Dec 1998)
diphtheria toxin <protein> An ab exotoxin (62 kD) coded by _ corynephage of virulent Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains (that can produce a repressor of toxin production). The B subunit binds to receptors on the surface of the target cell and facilitates the entry of the enzymically active A subunit (21 kD) that ADP ribosylates elongation factor 2, thereby halting mRNA translation.
(18 Nov 1997)
diphtheria toxoid The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine (dtp) or with tetanus toxoid alone (dt for paediatric use and td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; diphtheria antitoxin is for treatment.
(12 Dec 1998)
false diphtheria 1. One of a group of local infections suggesting diphtheria, but caused by microorganisms other than Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Synonym: Epstein's disease, false diphtheria, pseudodiphtheria.
2. Any microorganism resembling Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Origin: diphtheria + G. Eidos, resemblance
(05 Mar 2000)
faucial diphtheria Severe pharyngitis affecting the fauces, the usual site affected by infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
(05 Mar 2000)
laryngeal diphtheria Diphtheria affecting the larynx, usually with asphyxiation due to obstruction of the airway by the membrane that forms, with fatal outcome.
Synonym: laryngotracheal diphtheria.
(05 Mar 2000)
laryngotracheal diphtheria Diphtheria affecting the larynx, usually with asphyxiation due to obstruction of the airway by the membrane that forms, with fatal outcome.
Synonym: laryngotracheal diphtheria.
(05 Mar 2000)
fowl diphtheria An infection by the fowlpox virus in which tracheal involvement is especially severe.
See: fowlpox.
Synonym: fowl diphtheria.
(05 Mar 2000)
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